Figure 1.
![Model of the agricultural system of Ukraine.
Source: Own study based on Marunyak et al. [2021].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9f7215d2f6c89db748c/j_ijme-2024-0037_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKO6OGLGK3%2F20260323%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260323T002418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCqSnDvC97vv76HiPeV5HZCBc3KSW2z5VIixoUMwOXW4gIhANM2rlh2RH1VWghl994NYPvvnaIAKPKrarZYwC1BWggIKrwFCHAQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgwAITpqVWXUwVvvcuQqmQVWT9DUI0GwsuW8MG1L0eNmjbUvt9%2F9toDDn0UWyRWn1NzC%2BnSkOWMATTeZZ8cLhZi2fksIvFhEh%2Fz6PWHzP%2B8XVdsVsgCbgUVFAG5zBOYS3cvEYxXehvft1%2FGn1H%2F9yN1zYbuClwpbsaOkbg3oEtXTk4CCwlj2upBrFwNnBM2zRLJP5CUb03mzWnPGKwvtY5ZDdPfoykWFWr%2BS5F3wSGUhcCgvYBKbhD%2F%2FH%2BepL7N6jbbsoOm1fmnO1g6kE5c0Xs%2BMe9Ekb%2FG%2FRffzNYE3umIU%2BROPx8yQ16SR0J%2BZBK%2FbeHO6yHt2tO94bBlbTzcak4mQtsngr8bqyPQvEEUOcsLi60k1ukrIewhfigTwTOaeuJ0EltDS9BOGi6TDmMtON7kGLYVBcifnT84psu%2BqvZnFMe8JND0P56snkcZQFksm5GO72h4kpxnOqHRgnK%2BXilP8f3Fu4ZlVLC20mR7Kk8D8RoRfAMqgZ%2BVyN0VTTjDaZQD5QLNyYE3622tU9x5OLZjUq1UQ1jz0tURw%2FpoAbN9YHjGdXZs8NYzYvkQlPhPrzEJV7gbM762KxURjr5rsJKqdI%2FhdCEaYk3Vi0ePHtdzo6cGzaVyzxZISZMXTqFkDCsVT0MYgi4GqeSkNtGM3IpwXOeaWEYSIlbZVfDWhJvnMUZOFtYHBfpfjQ2%2F9FGgTh5W5HN%2Fi7E4j9%2FnVYqYlzCogUYZGY7iRbkUsbrW%2BqyjyxMHG7R%2BjtEkhrJs0S3t9OJRz68vdflh3cFSUlofzlsb9QXgZg0FDdcPqUH8XQQ%2F1ecIMz0MOQH8LWwT%2B5BzrWSnfK3zU60aSctaD6cS5DcpJKZQFYi0QAnWLnIi2m1S7jFqvSF7%2FPWh07BfNtf79TjV6pgxL%2BpImUzDI8oHOBjqwAV6n5VmmE9gfEYxre9%2BaEwABovps6qHVLm2XXq8y1vqoef3I61uJIs3%2ByzctFPfwSMQmG0FsSx%2F4mp7a3ycsQxHse8AgZJwljFz7OWq1Iooz5owdq6I5a%2BLNG%2BrA3SC5vBYW%2FD6e4ye0ERQIYwBXHLrLrXaEy4wRUEoKjJXXFlhJvvthpL7ZLMG69e%2B9jE6h%2FTYWo6yadDWfwIptyp6aeZCErBlTa37K7jW1BwNAmAh1&X-Amz-Signature=d8f3432629235810051c2b9d5781beccd8ee79e05eaf14dc866e764c6f9b570d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Number and area of agricultural producers according to the size of agricultural land in 2021
| Size (ha) | Private peasant households | Farms | Agricultural enterprises | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thousands of pcs. | Thousands hectares | pcs. | Thousands hectares | pcs. | Thousands hectares | |
| Up to 1 | 3,066.6 | 4,785.8 | – | – | – | – |
| 1–5 | 717.6 | 1,120.0 | 1,766.0 | 5.8 | – | – |
| 5–10 | 82.4 | 128.5 | 1,790.0 | 5.4 | 37.0 | 8.9 |
| 10–50 | 54.9 | 85.7 | 11,632.0 | 266.7 | 711.0 | 24.9 |
| 50–100 | – | – | 4,641.0 | 323.0 | 679.0 | 159.5 |
| 100–500 | – | – | 6,771.0 | 1,620.5 | 2,600.0 | 669.8 |
| 500–1,000 | – | – | 1,262.0 | 897.7 | 1,966.0 | 1,416.4 |
| 1,000–5,000 | – | – | 926.0 | 1,581.6 | 3,919.0 | 8,568.8 |
| Over 5,000 | – | – | – | – | 601.0 | 5,273.8 |
| Total | 3,921.5 | 6,120.0 | 28,788.0 | 4,700.7 | 10,513.0 | 16,122.1 |
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Ukraine’s agricultural system in the process of accession to the European Union
| Parameters | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural potential | S1 – large area of agricultural land; | W1 – high concentration of agricultural land used by agroholdings; |
| S2 – high soil fertility; | W2 – deterioration of soil quality due to intensification of agricultural production (monoculture); | |
| S3 – sufficient manpower; | W3 – lack of sufficient means of production on small farms; | |
| S4 – favorable natural and climatic conditions; | W4 – increasing climate risk in agriculture as a result of global climate change; | |
| Compliance of quality parameters and technology with EU regulations | S5 – implementation of approximately 70% of EU regulations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine *; | W5 – lack of sufficient knowledge of farmers in the field of farming in accordance with EU regulations; |
| W6 – focus of agroholdings on maximizing profits; | ||
| W7 – high cost and reduced efficiency by implementing GAEC standards; | ||
| Access to sales markets | S6 – high demand on the internal market and established sales channels on external markets. | W8 – loss of some export channels (Black Sea ports) and the associated increase in logistics costs and loss of part of the southeastern sales markets. |
| Parameters | Opportunities | Threats |
| Demand | O1 – access to EU sales markets as an EU member; | T1 – possible restrictions (transition periods) and production quotas; |
| Competitiveness | O2 – low cost of plant production and its high efficiency; | T2 – possible expansion of food of animal origin from other EU countries to the Ukrainian market; |
| EU agricultural policy | O3 – high level of support for small- and medium-sized agricultural producers in accordance with EU regulations; | T3 – a powerful lobby of agroholdings in the parliament and government of Ukraine; |
| O4 – possibility of implementing investments and innovations in the agricultural sector; | T4 – high cost of implementing environmental norms and standards in the agricultural sector; | |
| O5 – improving soil quality and, as a result, repairing environmental damage; | T5 – collapse of some agricultural producers who fail to implement EU regulations; | |
| O6 – increasing the number of organic producers. | T6 – increase in prices for groceries. |
Matrix of relationships between the strengths and weaknesses of Ukraine’s agricultural system and its opportunities and threats in the process of accession to the EU
| Strengths | SO strategies | ST strategies |
|---|---|---|
| O2 – low cost of plant production and its high efficiency; | T1 – possible restrictions (transition periods) and production quotas; |
| S5 – implementation of approximately 70% of EU regulations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine; |
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| S6 – high demand on the internal market and established sales channels on external markets; |
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| Weaknesses | WO-strategies | WT-strategies |
|
|
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| W8 – loss of some export channels (Black Sea ports) and the associated increase in logistics costs and loss of part of the south-eastern sales markets. | O1 – access to EU sales markets as an EU member. | T1 – possible restrictions (transition periods) and production quotas. |