Foreign direct investment in the food industry in Poland

Ambroziak, Łukasz

doi:10.2478/ijme-2024-0029

Figures & Tables

Inward FDI flows and stocks in the food industry in Poland (in EUR billion).
Source: Own study based on data of National Bank of Poland. FDI, foreign direct investment. — Inward FDI flows and stocks in the food industry in Poland (in EUR billion). Source: Own study based on data of National Bank of Poland. FDI, foreign direct investment.

The FDI intensity in the food industry. Remarks: FDI intensity means the share of enterprises with foreign capital in net revenues from the sale of products, goods, and materials. The size of a bubble reflects the share in the food industry. PCA code description in Table 1.
Source: Own study based on unpublished data from Central Statistical Office of Poland. FDI, foreign direct investment. — The FDI intensity in the food industry. Remarks: FDI intensity means the share of enterprises with foreign capital in net revenues from the sale of products, goods, and materials. The size of a bubble reflects the share in the food industry. PCA code description in Table 1. Source: Own study based on unpublished data from Central Statistical Office of Poland. FDI, foreign direct investment.

Comparison of companies with foreign and domestic capital

PCA	Net revenue from sale per firm, in PLN million						Average employment per firm						Labor productivity, in PLN thousand per employee
	CFC		CDC		CDC/CFC (CFC = 100)		CFC		CDC		CDC/CFC (CFC = 100)		CFC		CDC		CDC/CFC (CFC = 100)
	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022	2010	2022
10.11	262.7	254.8	35.8	114.6	13.6	45.0	543.0	163.4	95.4	100.0	17.6	61.2	483.7	1559.6	375.5	1146.4	77.6	73.5
10.12	323.1	799.5	71.0	204.7	22.0	25.6	563.4	346.7	145.2	124.3	25.8	35.8	573.5	2305.9	488.8	1647.1	85.2	71.4
10.13	39.8	1051.3	38.7	198.4	97.2	18.9	119.9	998.0	117.3	202.5	97.8	20.3	331.6	1053.4	329.6	980.0	99.4	93.0
10.20	179.5	690.0	31.3	117.1	17.4	17.0	306.6	667.2	99.4	96.7	32.4	14.5	585.5	1034.1	314.7	1211.0	53.8	117.1
10.31	228.1	890.9	30.9	84.9	13.5	9.5	458.5	547.7	114.2	174.4	24.9	31.8	497.5	1626.7	270.5	486.6	54.4	29.9
10.32	128.4	276.0	90.7	175.0	70.7	63.4	126.0	182.4	219.5	175.8	174.2	96.4	1019.1	1512.9	413.4	995.2	40.6	65.8
10.39	94.4	199.6	24.9	67.1	26.3	33.6	175.3	219.0	86.5	89.3	49.3	40.8	538.5	911.3	287.4	751.2	53.4	82.4
10.40	487.4	1218.1	125.0	230.4	25.6	18.9	283.6	211.4	87.5	52.0	30.9	24.6	1718.9	5761.5	1428.3	4432.2	83.1	76.9
10.50	290.7	532.3	92.8	388.8	31.9	73.0	330.9	358.0	161.2	224.3	48.7	62.7	878.6	1486.7	575.4	1733.1	65.5	116.6
10.60	128.1	287.1	35.8	126.3	28.0	44.0	186.3	208.8	59.7	96.3	32.0	46.1	687.6	1374.7	600.2	1310.8	87.3	95.4
10.70	87.3	223.1	13.4	46.6	15.3	20.9	223.7	277.5	81.9	112.2	36.6	40.4	390.1	804.1	163.4	414.9	41.9	51.6
10.81	940.8	1423.2	902.3	2742.8	95.9	192.7	528.3	668.9	1246.5	1815.5	235.9	271.4	1780.7	2127.9	723.8	1510.8	40.6	71.0
10.82	381.0	696.7	43.3	101.2	11.4	14.5	372.7	581.0	177.5	229.3	47.6	39.5	1022.3	1199.2	244.0	441.3	23.9	36.8
10.83	129.8	284.7	51.6	126.6	39.8	44.5	179.8	256.4	117.8	115.2	65.5	44.9	722.2	1110.4	438.4	1098.4	60.7	98.9
10.84	470.4	813.8	34.9	84.8	7.4	10.4	685.7	702.4	70.3	109.4	10.3	15.6	686.0	1158.6	496.1	775.0	72.3	66.9
10.85	133.5	133.4	9.7	51.9	7.3	38.9	212.8	155.0	42.5	86.3	20.0	55.6	627.5	860.5	227.7	602.0	36.3	70.0
10.89	166.7	222.0	40.5	82.5	24.3	37.2	293.5	284.3	111.6	85.2	38.0	30.0	567.9	780.9	362.9	968.3	63.9	124.0
10.90	451.7	555.2	47.4	308.5	10.5	55.6	281.9	212.7	43.9	108.9	15.6	51.2	1602.1	2610.7	1078.2	2832.2	67.3	108.5
11.01	287.8	1951.1	165.0	243.6	57.3	12.5	174.3	217.9	89.9	142.5	51.6	65.4	1650.6	3486.3	1835.0	3989.0	111.2	114.4
11.05	1567.0	1359.3	49.3	102.7	3.1	7.6	821.9	668.4	86.3	87.9	10.5	13.1	1906.7	2033.7	572.0	1169.4	30.0	57.5
11.07	505.7	909.9	34.3	88.1	6.8	9.7	742.3	457.0	98.2	83.1	13.2	18.2	681.2	1991.2	349.2	1060.6	51.3	53.3
12.00	1461.4	2374.4	90.3	51.2	6.2	2.2	634.4	844.9	122.0	71.3	19.2	8.4	2303.6	2810.2	740.5	717.5	32.1	25.5
10 + 11 + 12	301.7	555.3	41.5	147.0	13.8	26.5	319.0	360.9	104.1	130.6	32.6	36.2	945.7	1538.6	398.6	1126.1	42.1	73.2

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between tde FDI intensity and selected variables

		2010	2014	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Concentration index	Coeff.	0.502	0.529	0.586	0.671	0.651	0.652	0.595	0.506	0.493
	p-value	0.021	0.014	0.005	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.004	0.019	0.023
Labor productivity	Coeff.	0.568	0.527	0.541	0.520	0.506	0.418	0.430	0.400	0.181
	p-value	0.007	0.014	0.011	0.016	0.019	0.059	0.052	0.073	0.434
Average salary	Coeff.	0.853	0.860	0.744	0.830	0.827	0.834	0.824	0.849	0.706
	p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Share of import expenses in operating costs	Coeff.	0.256	0.269	0.325	0.366	0.365	0.501	0.400	0.373	0.379
	p-value	0.262	0.239	0.150	0.103	0.104	0.021	0.072	0.096	0.090
Share of export in net revenue	Coeff.	−0.038	−0.095	−0.222	−0.239	−0.128	−0.021	−0.036	−0.108	0.005
	p-value	0.870	0.682	0.339	0.296	0.580	0.928	0.878	0.642	0.983
Share of energy in operating costs	Coeff.	−0.024	−0.044	−0.359	−0.358	−0.440	−0.369	−0.498	−0.527	−0.305
	p-value	0.919	0.852	0.111	0.111	0.046	0.100	0.022	0.014	0.179
Relation of net revenue to assets	Coeff.	−0.262	−0.254	−0.094	−0.126	−0.148	−0.282	−0.149	0.028	−0.166
	p-value	0.251	0.267	0.685	0.585	0.522	0.216	0.520	0.905	0.472

Tde partial correlation between tde selected variable and tde FDI intensity

			2010	2014	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Labor productivity	FDI intensity	Coeff.	0.393	0.390	0.425	0.387	0.475	0.371	0.362	0.342	0.115
	FDI intensity	p-value	0.086	0.089	0.062	0.092	0.034	0.108	0.116	0.141	0.630
	Concentration index	Coeff.	0.411	0.215	0.425	0.049	−0.137	−0.075	−0.011	0.025	0.090
	Concentration index	p-value	0.071	0.364	0.690	0.838	0.565	0.754	0.965	0.918	0.705
Average wage	FDI intensity	Coeff.	0.798	0.798	0.801	0.675	0.703	0.721	0.739	0.797	0.614
	FDI intensity	p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.004
	Concentration index	Coeff.	0.409	0.371	0.395	0.382	0.245	0.190	0.139	0.173	0.223
	Concentration index	p-value	0.074	0.107	0.084	0.097	0.297	0.421	0.559	0.466	0.345
Share of import expenses in operating costs	FDI intensity	Coeff.	0.023	0.171	0.242	0.261	0.297	0.441	0.337	0.323	0.342
	FDI intensity	p-value	0.334	0.471	0.304	0.266	0.200	0.051	0.146	0.165	0.140
	Concentration index	Coeff.	−0.010	0.122	0.050	0.031	−0.023	−0.079	−0.013	0.010	−0.015
	Concentration index	p-value	0.967	0.610	0.832	0.896	0.922	0.742	0.958	0.966	0.949
Share of import expenses in operating costs	FDI intensity	Coeff.	0.481	0.398	0.429	0.419	0.421	0.577	0.458	0.478	0.481
	FDI intensity	p-value	0.032	0.080	0.059	0.066	0.065	0.008	0.042	0.033	0.032
	Net revenue per firm	Coeff.	−0.482	−0.327	−0.303	−0.219	−0.227	−0.330	−0.244	−0.329	−0.339
	Net revenue per firm	p-value	0.031	0.160	0.195	0.353	0.337	0.156	0.300	0.157	0.143

The importance of large firms (250 or more employees) in the food industry by group and class in 2022 (excluding microenterprises, including the tobacco industry)

Polish classification of activities		Number of enterprises		Average employment		Sold production
Polish classification of activities		Number	Share of large firms (%)	In thousand	Share of large firms (%)	Value, in PLN billion	Share of large firms (%)
10.11	Processing and preserving of red meat	537	4.8	35.0	46.9	27.6	38.2
10.12	Processing and preserving of poultry meat	154	10.4	15.6	57.5	16.4	52.3
10.13	Production of meat products	448	8.9	60.0	69.8	37.7	78.2
10.20	Processing and preserving of fish	125	10.4	17.5	66.7	15.5	69.3
10.31	Processing and preserving of potatoes	12	16.7	2.8	63.3	2.5	48.6
10.32	Manufacture of juices	57	15.8	7.0	67.2	6.7	77.1
10.39	Processing of fruit and vegetables	304	5.9	23.4	37.4	13.5	40.8
10.40	Manufacture of oils and fats	37	8.1	2.7	41.4	7.3	62.8
10.50	Manufacture of dairy products	204	18.6	36.8	70.5	38.8	77.3
10.60	Manufacture of grain mill and starch products	131	5.3	10.2	45.0	8.9	28.8
10.70	Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products	2384	1.7	88.2	24.5	23.3	39.2
10.81	Manufacture of sugar	4	100.0	3.7	100.0	4.9	100.0
10.82	Manufacture of chocolate and sugar confectionery	102	15.7	22.0	75.2	13.1	70.8
10.83	Processing of tea and coffee	37	18.9	4.4	66.5	4.0	78.1
10.84	Manufacture of condiments and seasonings	58	15.5	8.8	79.4	5.7	84.7
10.89	Manufacture of other food products	140	7.9	13.2	55.8	7.8	52.0
10.90	Manufacture of prepared animal feeds	160	5.6	14.0	52.2	22.6	52.9
11.01	Manufacture of spirits	42	9.5	4.5	58.8	4.7	67.3
11.05	Manufacture of beer	51	9.8	8.2	78.3	9.3	83.7
11.07	Manufacture of soft drinks	69	11.6	7.5	59.1	8.5	75.8
12.00	Manufacture of tobacco products	16	31.3	8.0	93.8	7.6	94.6
Food industry (10 + 11 + 12)		5203	5.7	400.7	53.3	291.3	62.6

Foreign direct investment in the food industry in Poland

Figures & Tables

Chart 1.

Chart 2.

Comparison of companies with foreign and domestic capital

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between tde FDI intensity and selected variables

Tde partial correlation between tde selected variable and tde FDI intensity

The importance of large firms (250 or more employees) in the food industry by group and class in 2022 (excluding microenterprises, including the tobacco industry)

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