Figure 1.
Granger causality test results
| Inflation category | Test statistics | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Food and nonalcoholic beverages | 2.7867 | 0.0030 |
| Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics | 0.80625 | 0.6431 |
| Clothing and footwear | 1.0322 | 0.4277 |
| Actual rentals for housing | 1.2079 | 0.2912 |
| Maintenance and repair of the dwelling | 1.6113 | 0.1036 |
| Water supply and miscellaneous services relating to the dwelling | 0.27527 | 0.9917 |
| Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance | 3.9316 | 0.0001 |
| Transport | 1.3618 | 0.2005 |
| Communications | 0.78471 | 0.6646 |
| Recreation and culture | 2.0902 | 0.0259 |
| Education | 5.4622 | 0.0000 |
| Restaurants and hotels | 3.2884 | 0.0006 |
| Miscellaneous goods and services | 1.2164 | 0.2855 |
Standard deviation of the price growth rate in individual inflation categories in the European countries
| Inflation category | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 (until Septembera) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food and non-alcoholic beverages | 1.74 | 1.58 | 1.16 | 5.46 | 4.58 |
| Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics | 2.01 | 2.58 | 2.97 | 2.46 | 3.01 |
| Clothing and footwear | 1.43 | 1.57 | 1.84 | 3.37 | 3.16 |
| Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels | 1.69 | 2.61 | 3.42 | 11.26 | 10.36 |
| Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance | 1.16 | 1.30 | 1.51 | 2.88 | 2.74 |
| Health | 1.26 | 1.44 | 1.58 | 2.64 | 3.78 |
| Transport | 0.91 | 1.87 | 2.69 | 4.27 | 3.72 |
| Communications | 2.68 | 2.19 | 2.44 | 2.34 | 3.29 |
| Recreation and culture | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.35 | 2.86 | 2.99 |
| Education | 2.04 | 2.17 | 3.75 | 4.61 | 14.01 |
| Restaurants and hotels | 1.48 | 2.04 | 1.81 | 4.49 | 5.11 |
| Miscellaneous goods and services | 1.11 | 1.69 | 1.48 | 3.24 | 3.94 |
Mean equality tests
| Inflation category | Mean (cluster 1) | Mean (cluster 2) | F-test | p-value | Wilks λ | Rc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food and nonalcoholic beverages | 10.36 | 19.81 | 61.8426 | 0.0000 | 0.28787 | 0.84387 |
| Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics | 3.38 | 6.48 | 14.9433 | 0.0000 | 0.62589 | 0.6116 |
| Clothing and footwear | 2.51 | 6.68 | 14.2725 | 0.0008 | 0.63658 | 0.60284 |
| Actual rentals for housing | 3.47 | 8.94 | 6.46093 | 0.0176 | 0.79464 | 0.45317 |
| Maintenance and repair of the dwelling | 9.43 | 17.61 | 20.3340 | 0.0001 | 0.55145 | 0.66974 |
| Water supply and miscellaneous services relating to the dwelling | 2.19 | 6.43 | 19.7257 | 0.0001 | 0.55896 | 0.66411 |
| Electricity, gas, and other fuels | 43.63 | 39.20 | 0.17980 | 0.6752 | 0.99286 | 0.08450 |
| Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance | 6.85 | 10.85 | 20.8635 | 0.0001 | 0.54510 | 0.67447 |
| Health | 1.71 | 5.91 | 36.5719 | 0.0000 | 0.40603 | 0.77070 |
| Transport | 12.34 | 18.15 | 18.5896 | 0.0002 | 0.57353 | 0.65305 |
| Communications | 0.06 | 1.44 | 2.20623 | 0.1500 | 0.91891 | 0.28477 |
| Recreation and culture | 3.75 | 8.58 | 51.3843 | 0.0000 | 0.32729 | 0.82019 |
| Education | 1.20 | 5.36 | 29.2787 | 0.0000 | 0.46059 | 0.73445 |
| Restaurants and hotels | 7.50 | 15.38 | 65.6803 | 0.0000 | 0.27569 | 0.85106 |
| Miscellaneous goods and services | 3.10 | 9.12 | 110.8480 | 0.0000 | 0.18402 | 0.90331 |