Figure 1
![Countries covered by the analysis of increasing similarity of foreign trade structures.Source: Authors’ own study based on Molendowski and Polan [2012, p. 34].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f96c215d2f6c89db73b2/j_ijme-2020-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPEECGOIL%2F20260323%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260323T144627Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjELP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIAeB1qT6x%2FUllOjPa6hnQa%2FIMySkW1wC1ar15n3IgeO7AiAMdjrhD6f7mKCCDZ3%2BxYl%2FcsFVAVX%2F7CKaii2Ou4FNEyq8BQh8EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMebCNSyDgm5a2kG86KpkF5keQT%2BhyjdNb%2Fwj8zmxNoR9ndNiOuz9V%2F4gKMAY%2BHbJ9pYs0bwJFI%2B8wjZN9RoGbGiA2hpokigfHSsIQ2OmvHnBgo3TNtwrLfZLIuHi%2BN4ivGy2L0902Q1XZvM4s9MlPerIUBsTkO%2B7t3nmVXADiv4MIQ3E3ZtxxHenjFMIS7pwjwhWHHf8%2BaiobraA7%2BluP9HGTVUv%2FzgmfQpffkFJHClxHQuQS7MJXkhT69dJVwLTer4040HEVk8RUEEYcSl7U9zrOySYH2JSfEoJI4uy8mPEgTPEaG9DEpKnHYaHIR0XYWJcSLvqJACJujdF%2BAbnzeUf%2BgVlp8zZm954Sk13waWiyxgOPpwqQeT2EqZB%2BXzCO6jnZvlVeyBaGQAWBsAWgx5W5mq0MRMktQM9DbP6j%2FuwuS54JxJUQRhdPJbog%2BCaNnbLSxMK%2FzESoXXjmhvSmFPoKMmkhx3TzUX6CmaTfOzip808XltE5b1vp0OW5tgXq%2Ba2JfULyhtmnHjfGwGwrs2JxgJgfGfgS8IQspm61FSdXlUCe5oL9x6Ipm9RO7lib3iPbESUQY%2F7zq1DCui7kRzf5FkNsbK8fZmrCp%2F5mgJU1CdmaoTEnSyj%2FQbosTkyjuozISxh7mr6KmCRndsPedRMNNnHr88WU5Ptl0TvB5KIPf4KC7YsFCAIB9xbUC5M41xYneOMs17GhYvDCAIHnqPZ48o4%2FGbOP2Be%2BLtULmzmqJQ3S3OjC60Tu0ot3RcQDJX0q16QilVe9eY07XuXPKPZAP9jh%2FAodaxn7tEA3Fb8J1kSDd6yEHOToShB4%2Fowv4DW40lW4n6qoHrn0dAqHv0cji7hBNtDCr5CKo5G4N8cLUDE4L4gc%2FG7LUK7A9Cdq5moI%2BS%2B%2BnXswqLmEzgY6sgEO%2FNZ1cjS8xcP8qKFCgOyiUX9KyL2F70JIucTQsff7rw37T%2BBLbgAePM0RVrRrpxcjSHakzVeyVCldosSDx9rETQ6PfLG%2BYUA5I7ZOLVmlEpxRwjBfgXhK%2BL8s9hc99pPlXgDu34fIAdxdZRI4DRVOJhCxgh1Y41c0m068yjhC%2Fsrjqv22HMtFtl9RNJnKDGfEiQDrRTbyIe5cCXGcijDGL0QJQEwD59G4hnC0xSS5xgfA&X-Amz-Signature=a1b81af608f01969793b712777099c7b7356bc79b1799c76e97385ec2bf8effe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2

Figure 3

Similarity indices of the commodity structure of Poland’s imports (according to the Euclidean distance) from the EU-10 and the EU-15 in 2004–2017 (as compared with the rest of the EU-10)
| PL | BG | CZ | EE | HU | LT | LV | RO | SI | SK | Mean** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 0.096 | 0.143 | 0.107 | 0.159 | 0.100 | 0.080 | 0.147 | 0.090 | 0.092 | 0.104 | 0.112 |
| 2005 | 0.100 | 0.190 | 0.102 | 0.172 | 0.105 | 0.076 | 0.140 | 0.089 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.115 |
| 2006 | 0.081 | 0.145 | 0.093 | 0.184 | 0.110 | 0.086 | 0.127 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.096 | 0.108 |
| 2007 | 0.072 | 0.112 | 0.084 | 0.199 | 0.097 | 0.086 | 0.125 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.082 | 0.103 |
| 2008 | 0.072 | 0.124 | 0.084 | 0.258 | 0.097 | 0.085 | 0.158 | 0.077 | 0.082 | 0.077 | 0.111 |
| 2009 | 0.081 | 0.109 | 0.081 | 0.213 | 0.095 | 0.078 | 0.129 | 0.068 | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.102 |
| 2010 | 0.078 | 0.100 | 0.085 | 0.168 | 0.113 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.072 | 0.075 | 0.083 | 0.096 |
| 2011 | 0.079 | 0.131 | 0.079 | 0.150 | 0.101 | 0.089 | 0.127 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.082 | 0.098 |
| 2012 | 0.077 | 0.114 | 0.078 | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.132 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.091 | 0.095 |
| 2013 | 0.081 | 0.122 | 0.074 | 0.130 | 0.088 | 0.077 | 0.117 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.116 | 0.094 |
| 2014 | 0.073 | 0.114 | 0.073 | 0.127 | 0.094 | 0.084 | 0.078 | 0.064 | 0.078 | 0.109 | 0.089 |
| 2015 | 0.067 | 0.101 | 0.074 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.076 | 0.082 | 0.063 | 0.084 | 0.118 | 0.087 |
| 2016 | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.078 | 0.106 | 0.081 | 0.073 | 0.085 | 0.064 | 0.072 | 0.115 | 0.084 |
| 2017 | 0.071 | 0.112 | 0.080 | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.078 | 0.098 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.112 | 0.086 |
| Mean* | 0.078 | 0.122 | 0.084 | 0.156 | 0.096 | 0.083 | 0.117 | 0.073 | 0.080 | 0.097 | 0.099 |
| 2017–2004 change | −0.025 | −0.031 | −0.027 | −0.071 | −0.020 | −0.002 | −0.049 | −0.027 | −0.018 | 0.008 | −0.026 |
Similarity indices of the commodity structure of Poland’s exports (according to the Euclidean distance) to the EU-10 and the EU-15 in 2004–2017 (as compared with the rest of the EU-10)
| Year | PL | BG | CZ | EE | HU | LT | LV | RO | SI | SK | Mean** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 0.098 | 0.170 | 0.092 | 0.160 | 0.103 | 0.203 | 0.276 | 0.139 | 0.179 | 0.182 | 0.160 |
| 2005 | 0.083 | 0.130 | 0.084 | 0.184 | 0.086 | 0.167 | 0.245 | 0.162 | 0.179 | 0.175 | 0.149 |
| 2006 | 0.090 | 0.124 | 0.082 | 0.211 | 0.084 | 0.151 | 0.216 | 0.148 | 0.168 | 0.195 | 0.147 |
| 2007 | 0.077 | 0.161 | 0.075 | 0.204 | 0.075 | 0.185 | 0.203 | 0.137 | 0.144 | 0.209 | 0.147 |
| 2008 | 0.077 | 0.119 | 0.079 | 0.168 | 0.075 | 0.094 | 0.149 | 0.138 | 0.138 | 0.194 | 0.123 |
| 2009 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.096 | 0.132 | 0.096 | 0.170 | 0.152 | 0.129 | 0.170 | 0.188 | 0.135 |
| 2010 | 0.098 | 0.111 | 0.095 | 0.171 | 0.097 | 0.118 | 0.166 | 0.123 | 0.169 | 0.179 | 0.133 |
| 2011 | 0.087 | 0.126 | 0.094 | 0.202 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.165 | 0.107 | 0.153 | 0.184 | 0.135 |
| 2012 | 0.076 | 0.121 | 0.091 | 0.216 | 0.093 | 0.161 | 0.168 | 0.094 | 0.134 | 0.207 | 0.136 |
| 2013 | 0.067 | 0.125 | 0.080 | 0.213 | 0.100 | 0.172 | 0.174 | 0.094 | 0.130 | 0.214 | 0.137 |
| 2014 | 0.063 | 0.117 | 0.082 | 0.224 | 0.112 | 0.152 | 0.175 | 0.091 | 0.130 | 0.219 | 0.137 |
| 2015 | 0.058 | 0.116 | 0.082 | 0.193 | 0.112 | 0.176 | 0.175 | 0.083 | 0.123 | 0.224 | 0.134 |
| 2016 | 0.055 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.170 | 0.101 | 0.169 | 0.159 | 0.074 | 0.108 | 0.230 | 0.125 |
| 2017 | 0.053 | 0.128 | 0.069 | 0.152 | 0.087 | 0.174 | 0.141 | 0.074 | 0.097 | 0.220 | 0.119 |
| Mean* | 0.078 | 0.126 | 0.084 | 0.186 | 0.095 | 0.159 | 0.183 | 0.114 | 0.144 | 0.201 | 0.137 |
| 2017–2004 change | −0.045 | −0.042 | −0.023 | −0.007 | −0.016 | −0.028 | −0.135 | −0.066 | −0.082 | 0.038 | −0.041 |