Figure 1
![Countries covered by the analysis of increasing similarity of foreign trade structures.Source: Authors’ own study based on Molendowski and Polan [2012, p. 34].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f96c215d2f6c89db73b2/j_ijme-2020-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKOS6S6PZ%2F20251214%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251214T195814Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIFnm6qGL1W7%2F8J9LydfcugqkK8zvShuzEzt8XUPAxwNIAiEA%2B%2B9c%2BcIDz4X2h%2BuadeehVNiHHU983c4RWgHVVxiXrKsqvQUIOBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDAAc%2B9dEXSH2merhiyqaBWgqjDuOVeyHGaMRtAQbjEdLU8ZJc7EkNXO9He%2Bs0Ge%2Fa5dyHjAMqbz6%2Fcgr7anxQrm8gwAKfAiLr7y%2FqhekC5s2WKCYEgq7v3dTP2l54UWF7qMDLEzUMRsIjyOx%2FlJTPhJ2T8zR7i4bGwZ89GNL4odO2iJk9378dmu8%2Bbx%2F1Uw%2FVbX3dznv72%2BHTPQStCdNdheTd2azCRiXhXIaaUGC2dUIvGzQlp00yAOGKfNa5cbryNgRfbw4KAs4YRWCHNy5NNe8Yzztkv2k80kTnFkesgfsETeni8UTUSXSUUSPVunOR0AOKivz7SLgh4P6dA3cCjlLryG2Kjg5xjzItU0Ejk6gm2b5pLhJGQJH8jSuS%2FF61SEuA31I8klz4qgJCSxT3aMMcD%2Bx4O4y4HeMfDwmE6iYkHlI1v6KfGWZuCjEB8gJuzsT5588WltN0Bpbozt8RffkT670E1ZTnQ1WNfuWgn9fgUYu%2BKRrYEcYnG52n7in4vr9MTeeLZhx6FmII1AsSF7qTWwjUtiKpkx4EIADqoXlz%2F2XEEPXXhdxialMAGoePZ2IPVryDyNnOwZ9Buu0VvWiDbLKB9qt7NW23xmZ8uMNSV4CIwuO681BbDm2Y%2FudQ%2BvfgDdWWSJ2fMxu5NP%2FGh9yUOJYQx5%2F8iLyTtlesxY%2FzJnONiOhAosaFHmZV0v5nvrl9OG%2B4ihZHXwzvCP3ZG5sHWNz3BAyWYC%2BSEhOWvO2bhyFmCBWzSY04fl96WKIJmpjSd%2BxRpzgB%2BPQa7%2FVVjXicyi6WJfGLXCAW7D7uRF3ujA0RhaRuSJFeqtwZF8M6hAtzSlxvfhGRLJ9r32LghzBNyu3D05JSl1cbm1LTY04QCkCklqQYSL51P7vcDs4l95QarLhBOJ%2BYDDEkfvJBjqxAfCbVrCybZWgFFI2bqzwUvxh0Yw78JV1JHCHHXbaZfB0nTUomWnBu8pVjxDe7uMAdc6oqGLCkDLCqR0H0GXeg5wraDOOK5omMDZhW%2FmSEwx6TC%2FGdjPlFG2zoUftmew1MXQHS9fUSBkvVgn2nEbu%2BivkQs5TN9eHCv5WIi3bTiEIIH280WPlR6jRLQ3iGrRRzXNzkIIo43QgNTyF%2BS9I2cAMh4D3%2BLyu81ZoEx4h71x6tQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=1e871dafd3aece7e46aa395de281dd87b6e5d6dc0551c3e6214a379aa94914d6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2

Figure 3

Similarity indices of the commodity structure of Poland’s imports (according to the Euclidean distance) from the EU-10 and the EU-15 in 2004–2017 (as compared with the rest of the EU-10)
| PL | BG | CZ | EE | HU | LT | LV | RO | SI | SK | Mean** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 0.096 | 0.143 | 0.107 | 0.159 | 0.100 | 0.080 | 0.147 | 0.090 | 0.092 | 0.104 | 0.112 |
| 2005 | 0.100 | 0.190 | 0.102 | 0.172 | 0.105 | 0.076 | 0.140 | 0.089 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.115 |
| 2006 | 0.081 | 0.145 | 0.093 | 0.184 | 0.110 | 0.086 | 0.127 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.096 | 0.108 |
| 2007 | 0.072 | 0.112 | 0.084 | 0.199 | 0.097 | 0.086 | 0.125 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 0.082 | 0.103 |
| 2008 | 0.072 | 0.124 | 0.084 | 0.258 | 0.097 | 0.085 | 0.158 | 0.077 | 0.082 | 0.077 | 0.111 |
| 2009 | 0.081 | 0.109 | 0.081 | 0.213 | 0.095 | 0.078 | 0.129 | 0.068 | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.102 |
| 2010 | 0.078 | 0.100 | 0.085 | 0.168 | 0.113 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.072 | 0.075 | 0.083 | 0.096 |
| 2011 | 0.079 | 0.131 | 0.079 | 0.150 | 0.101 | 0.089 | 0.127 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.082 | 0.098 |
| 2012 | 0.077 | 0.114 | 0.078 | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.132 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.091 | 0.095 |
| 2013 | 0.081 | 0.122 | 0.074 | 0.130 | 0.088 | 0.077 | 0.117 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.116 | 0.094 |
| 2014 | 0.073 | 0.114 | 0.073 | 0.127 | 0.094 | 0.084 | 0.078 | 0.064 | 0.078 | 0.109 | 0.089 |
| 2015 | 0.067 | 0.101 | 0.074 | 0.117 | 0.091 | 0.076 | 0.082 | 0.063 | 0.084 | 0.118 | 0.087 |
| 2016 | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.078 | 0.106 | 0.081 | 0.073 | 0.085 | 0.064 | 0.072 | 0.115 | 0.084 |
| 2017 | 0.071 | 0.112 | 0.080 | 0.088 | 0.080 | 0.078 | 0.098 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.112 | 0.086 |
| Mean* | 0.078 | 0.122 | 0.084 | 0.156 | 0.096 | 0.083 | 0.117 | 0.073 | 0.080 | 0.097 | 0.099 |
| 2017–2004 change | −0.025 | −0.031 | −0.027 | −0.071 | −0.020 | −0.002 | −0.049 | −0.027 | −0.018 | 0.008 | −0.026 |
Similarity indices of the commodity structure of Poland’s exports (according to the Euclidean distance) to the EU-10 and the EU-15 in 2004–2017 (as compared with the rest of the EU-10)
| Year | PL | BG | CZ | EE | HU | LT | LV | RO | SI | SK | Mean** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 0.098 | 0.170 | 0.092 | 0.160 | 0.103 | 0.203 | 0.276 | 0.139 | 0.179 | 0.182 | 0.160 |
| 2005 | 0.083 | 0.130 | 0.084 | 0.184 | 0.086 | 0.167 | 0.245 | 0.162 | 0.179 | 0.175 | 0.149 |
| 2006 | 0.090 | 0.124 | 0.082 | 0.211 | 0.084 | 0.151 | 0.216 | 0.148 | 0.168 | 0.195 | 0.147 |
| 2007 | 0.077 | 0.161 | 0.075 | 0.204 | 0.075 | 0.185 | 0.203 | 0.137 | 0.144 | 0.209 | 0.147 |
| 2008 | 0.077 | 0.119 | 0.079 | 0.168 | 0.075 | 0.094 | 0.149 | 0.138 | 0.138 | 0.194 | 0.123 |
| 2009 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.096 | 0.132 | 0.096 | 0.170 | 0.152 | 0.129 | 0.170 | 0.188 | 0.135 |
| 2010 | 0.098 | 0.111 | 0.095 | 0.171 | 0.097 | 0.118 | 0.166 | 0.123 | 0.169 | 0.179 | 0.133 |
| 2011 | 0.087 | 0.126 | 0.094 | 0.202 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.165 | 0.107 | 0.153 | 0.184 | 0.135 |
| 2012 | 0.076 | 0.121 | 0.091 | 0.216 | 0.093 | 0.161 | 0.168 | 0.094 | 0.134 | 0.207 | 0.136 |
| 2013 | 0.067 | 0.125 | 0.080 | 0.213 | 0.100 | 0.172 | 0.174 | 0.094 | 0.130 | 0.214 | 0.137 |
| 2014 | 0.063 | 0.117 | 0.082 | 0.224 | 0.112 | 0.152 | 0.175 | 0.091 | 0.130 | 0.219 | 0.137 |
| 2015 | 0.058 | 0.116 | 0.082 | 0.193 | 0.112 | 0.176 | 0.175 | 0.083 | 0.123 | 0.224 | 0.134 |
| 2016 | 0.055 | 0.109 | 0.072 | 0.170 | 0.101 | 0.169 | 0.159 | 0.074 | 0.108 | 0.230 | 0.125 |
| 2017 | 0.053 | 0.128 | 0.069 | 0.152 | 0.087 | 0.174 | 0.141 | 0.074 | 0.097 | 0.220 | 0.119 |
| Mean* | 0.078 | 0.126 | 0.084 | 0.186 | 0.095 | 0.159 | 0.183 | 0.114 | 0.144 | 0.201 | 0.137 |
| 2017–2004 change | −0.045 | −0.042 | −0.023 | −0.007 | −0.016 | −0.028 | −0.135 | −0.066 | −0.082 | 0.038 | −0.041 |