Figure 1:
Cross tabulation results for the full GEBS protocol (GEBS) and Presence of Dysphagia (Dys)
| GEBS (+) | GEBS (−) | |
|---|---|---|
| Dys (+) | 8 | 4 |
| Dys (−) | 3 | 15 |
Validity results of GEBS Water Swallow Test only and full GEBS protocol; PPV: Positive Predictive Value; NPV: Negative Predictive Value; LR+: Positive Likelihood Ratio; LR−: Negative Likelihood Ratio
| GEBS WST | CI (95%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity (%) | 58.3 | 27.7–84.8 |
| Specificity (%) | 83.3 | 58.6–96.4 |
| PPV (%) | 70 | 42.8–87.9 |
| NPV (%) | 75 | 59.8–85.8 |
| LR+ | 3.5 | |
| LR− | 0.5 | |
| GEBS full | ||
| Sensitivity (%) | 66.7 | 34.9–90.1 |
| Specificity (%) | 83.3 | 58.6–96.4 |
| PPV (%) | 72.7 | 46.8–89 |
| NPV (%) | 79 | 62.1–89.6 |
| LR + | 4 | |
| LR − | 0.4 |
Correlation of Risk Factors with Dysphagia
| N | X2 | Cramér’s V | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurological disorder | 20 | 5.36 | 0.34 | 0.018 |
| Recent pneumonia | 3 | 5 | 0.41 | 0.025 |
| Sarcopenia | 1 | 1.55 | 0.23 | 0.213 |
| Unintentional weight loss | 0 | 0 | n/a | 1 |
| Dysphagia reported | 10 | 10 | 0.58 | 0.002 |
| Impaired oral health | 1 | 1.55 | 0.23 | 0.213 |
Risk Factors for Dysphagia
| Neurological or neuropsychiatric disease | Unintentional weight loss |
| Pneumonia within the last 12 months | Symptoms of dysphagia (drooling, wet voice, coughing) |
| Sarcopenia | Impaired oral health |
Demographic Characteristics; ADL: Activities of Daily Life; CCI: Charlston Comorbidity Index
| Demographic characteristics | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 18 (60) |
| Male | 12 (40) | |
| Age | 75–80 | 17 (56.7) |
| 81–85 | 4 (13.3) | |
| 86–90 | 6 (20) | |
| 90–100 | 3 (10) | |
| Reason for Admission | Fall | 2 (6.7) |
| Acute Neurological Event | 14 (46.7) | |
| Acute Internal Event | 4 (13.3) | |
| Exacerbation | 10 (33.3) | |
| Dependency on help for ADL | None to light | 22 (73.3) |
| Moderate | 5 (16.7) | |
| Severe | 3 (10) | |
| CCI-Score | 0–1 | 9 (30) |
| 2–3 | 13 (43.3) | |
| 4–5 | 7 (23.3) | |
| 6 | 1 (3.3) | |
Cross tabulation results for GEBS Water Swallow Test (GEBS WST) and Presence of Dysphagia (Dys)
| GEBS WST (+) | GEBS WST (−) | |
|---|---|---|
| Dys (+) | 7 | 5 |
| Dys (−) | 3 | 15 |