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Construct reliability and validity for the self-built low-cost VR model_ Factor loadings, composite reliability (CR), Cronbach’s alpha (α), and average variance extracted (AVE) for each construct in the structural equation model assessing the anticipated acceptance of a self-built, low-cost VR setup for physical activity_
| Construct | Factor Loadings | |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived usefulness regarding the low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.97; α = 0.97; AVE = 0.87 | |
| I believe using this virtual reality setup would help me do more physical activity. | 0.919 | |
| I believe using this virtual reality setup would help me to stick to physical activity more regularly. | 0.937 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup would be useful in my life for physical activity. | 0.951 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup would improve my life regarding physical activity. | 0.947 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup would enhance my effectiveness in doing physical activity. | 0.919 | |
| Perceived ease of use regarding the low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.94; α = 0.95; AVE = 0.80 | |
| I believe using this virtual reality setup for physical activity would be easy for me. | 0.876 | |
| I believe it would be easy to get this virtual reality setup to do what I want it to do. | 0.908 | |
| I believe using this virtual reality setup would be clear and understandable. | 0.866 | |
| I would find this virtual reality setup flexible to interact with during physical activity. | 0.910 | |
| It would be easy for me to become skillful at using this virtual reality setup for physical activity. | 0.899 | |
| Perceived enjoyment regarding the low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.95; α = 0.95; AVE = 0.84 | |
| I believe I would find using this virtual reality setup enjoyable during physical activity. | 0.918 | |
| I believe I would have fun using this virtual reality setup during physical activity. | 0.928 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup would be exciting during physical activity. | 0.914 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup would be enjoyable during physical activity. | 0.897 | |
| Intention to use regarding the low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.94; α = 0.94; AVE = 081 | |
| There is a high likelihood that I will use this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.920 | |
| I intend to use this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.938 | |
| I will use this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.947 | |
| Using this virtual reality setup for physical activity in the foreseeable future is important to me. | 0.788 | |
| Intention to build regarding the low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.95; α = 0.95; AVE = 0.83 | |
| There is a high likelihood that I will build this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.957 | |
| I intend to build this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.918 | |
| I will build this virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.941 | |
| Building this virtual reality setup for physical activity in the foreseeable future is important to me. | 0.815 | |
| Attitude towards using this low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.94; α = 0.94; AVE = 0.76 | |
| Bad - good | 0.875 | |
| Negative - positive | 0.905 | |
| Unsatisfactory – satisfactory | 0.898 | |
| Unfavorable – favorable | 0.817 | |
| Unpleasant – pleasant | 0.844 | |
| Attitude towards building this low-cost virtual reality setup | CR = 0.94; α = 0.94; AVE = 0.76 | |
| Bad - good | 0.875 | |
| Negative - positive | 0.893 | |
| Unsatisfactory – satisfactory | 0.874 | |
| Unfavorable – favorable | 0.872 | |
| Unpleasant – pleasant | 0.839 | |
Descriptive statistics for Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) constructs related to the general virtual reality (VR) model and the self-built low-cost setup_ Values include minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation_ Constructs labeled with “(SBLCS)” refer to the self-built low-cost setup model_
| Construct | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived usefulness | 1 | 5 | 2.81 | 1.19 |
| Perceived ease of use | 1 | 5 | 3.33 | 1.16 |
| Perceived enjoyment | 1 | 5 | 3.46 | 1.29 |
| Intention to use | 1 | 5 | 2.23 | 1.18 |
| Intention to purchase | 1 | 5 | 1.94 | 1.18 |
| Curiosity | 1 | 5 | 3.23 | 1.31 |
| Attitude towards using virtual reality | 1 | 5 | 3.19 | 1.14 |
| Attitude towards purchasing virtual reality | 1 | 5 | 2.70 | 1.07 |
| Age (years) | 13 | 86 | 35.36 | 20.60 |
| Past Use (hours) | 0 | 210 | 4.80 | 18.07 |
| Price (€) | 0 | 1000 | 2.29 | 1.24 |
| Perceived usefulness (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 2.86 | 1.30 |
| Perceived ease of use (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 3.44 | 1.31 |
| Perceived enjoyment (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 3.30 | 1.36 |
| Intention to use (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 2.33 | 1.26 |
| Intention to build (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 2.11 | 1.21 |
| Attitude towards using virtual reality (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 3.16 | 1.26 |
| Attitude towards building virtual reality (SBLCS) | 1 | 5 | 2.83 | 1.20 |
| Past Use (SBLCS) (hours) | 0 | 12 | 0.72 | 1.68 |
Construct reliability and validity for the general VR model_ Factor loadings, composite reliability (CR), Cronbach’s alpha (α), and average variance extracted (AVE) for each construct in the structural equation model assessing the anticipated acceptance of commercially available virtual reality for physical activity_
| Construct | Factor Loadings | |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Usefulness | CR = 0.94; α = 0.94; AVE = 0.77 | |
| I believe using virtual reality would help me do more physical activity. | 0.862 | |
| I believe using virtual reality would help me to stick to physical activity more regularly. | 0.879 | |
| Using virtual reality would be useful in my life for physical activity. | 0.896 | |
| Using virtual reality would improve my life regarding physical activity. | 0.920 | |
| Using virtual reality would enhance my effectiveness in doing physical activity. | 0.825 | |
| Perceived ease of use | CR = 0.89; α = 0.89; AVE = 0.61 | |
| I believe using virtual reality for physical activity would be easy for me. | 0.774 | |
| I believe it would be easy to get virtual reality to do what I want it to do. | 0.754 | |
| I believe using virtual reality would be clear and understandable. | 0.769 | |
| I would find virtual reality flexible to interact with during physical activity. | 0.821 | |
| It would be easy for me to become skillful at using virtual reality for physical activity. | 0.786 | |
| Perceived enjoyment | CR = 0.94; α = 0.94; AVE = 0.79 | |
| I believe I would find using virtual reality enjoyable during physical activity. | 0.824 | |
| I believe I would have fun using virtual reality during physical activity. | 0.912 | |
| Using virtual reality would be exciting during physical activity. | 0.880 | |
| Using virtual reality would be enjoyable during physical activity. | 0.934 | |
| Intention to use | CR = 0.92; α = 0.91; AVE = 0.74 | |
| There is a high likelihood that I will use virtual reality for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.858 | |
| I intend to use virtual reality for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.952 | |
| I will use virtual reality for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.920 | |
| Using virtual reality for physical activity in the foreseeable future is important to me. | 0.672 | |
| Intention to purchase | CR = 0.95; α = 0.95; AVE = 0.82 | |
| There is a high likelihood that I will purchase a virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.906 | |
| I intend to purchase a virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.945 | |
| I will purchase a virtual reality setup for physical activity within the foreseeable future. | 0.946 | |
| Purchasing a virtual reality setup for physical activity in the foreseeable future is important to me. | 0.811 | |
| Curiosity | CR = 0.85; α = 0.85; AVE = 0.66 | |
| I like to shop around and look at displays. | 0.867 | |
| I often read advertisements just out of curiosity. | 0.819 | |
| I like to browse through catalogs or online stores even when I don’t plan to buy anything. | 0.746 | |
| Attitude towards using virtual reality | CR = 0.92; α = 0.92; AVE = 0.73 | |
| Bad - good | 0.835 | |
| Negative - positive | 0.887 | |
| Unsatisfactory – satisfactory | 0.873 | |
| Unfavorable – favorable | 0.799 | |
| Unpleasant – pleasant | 0.769 | |
| Attitude towards purchasing virtual reality | CR = 0.92; α = 0.92; AVE = 0.71 | |
| Bad - good | 0.853 | |
| Negative - positive | 0.859 | |
| Unsatisfactory – satisfactory | 0.877 | |
| Unfavorable – favorable | 0.788 | |
| Unpleasant – pleasant | 0.833 | |