Foreign ownership and gender differences in pay: causal evidence from a sample of Polish workers

1 Notes: Males were born years 1949–1999 and range in age from 18 to 64 at the time of the survey; females were born years 1954–1999 and range in age from 18 to 59 at the time of the survey. The reference educational group consists of those with secondary, basic vocational, lower secondary, or basic educational credentials. Not summarized in this table are 22 industry and 26 department dummy variables.

1* The ‘NgoodOth’ variable (corresponding to the number of other languages the employee knows, besides English) is coded from 0 to 4, inclusive, and hence cannot be put into percentage terms.

1 Notes: The dependent variable is inflation-adjusted log monthly earnings, and Foreign ownership is instrumented by three regional dummy variables. Males were born years 1949–1999 and range in age from 18 to 64 at the time of the survey; females were born years 1954–1999 and range in age from 18 to 59 at the time of the survey. The Hausman test for exogeneity is constructed as the Wald test for whether the residuals from the first-stage regression have a zero coefficient when augmented to the structural model for log monthly earnings (estimated by OLS for the purpose of the Hausman test). Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses.

1* Statistical significance at 10 percent is indicated by,

1** at 5 percent by,

1*** and at 1 percent by.

1 The super-sample employed for RX-2SLS estimation (Panel D) includes a sector of firms where foreign ownership is precluded. The full set of estimates is available from the authors upon request.