Survey of Recent Literature on Advanced Technologies in Digital Agriculture: Internet of Things and Blockchain

Figures & Tables

Criterion	Private Blockchain	Public Blockchain
Access Control	Restricted: Only authorized participants can join the blockchain.	Open: Accessible to everyone without restrictions.
Permission	Requires prior permission to join.	No permission required.
Confidentiality	High: Data is visible only to authorized participants.	Low: All transactions are public and visible to everyone.
Speed	Fast: Fewer nodes to validate, resulting in quicker processing.	Variable: Depends on the number of nodes and network congestion.
Security	Higher: Strict control over participants and permissions.	Lower: Security relies on decentralization.
Examples	Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, Quorum.	Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin.

	IOT CHALLENGES
Authorization and security	Communications take place over edge, cloud, and machine-to-machine networks. It must be ensured that the message is sent from an authority
Regulation and Compliance	Intersection of multiple areas of regulation including wireless communication, data privacy, drones …etc
Standards and Implementation	The edge devices are from multiple vendors following different communication protocols makes implementation a challenge
Connectivity and Infrastructure	Connectivity at the farm level is always a challenge. IoT is based on basic premise of communication hence infrastructure is vital
Data Variety and Velocity	Structured, Semi Structured and Un Structured Data on Real-time Basis
Hardware and software	Harsh Environmental Conditions for the Harware as well as lots of compromise including battery life, features on board, …etc

Technology	Descriptions
Location monitoring tools	The use of satellites to determine the amount of water in the ground and various other measurements. Data collected by connected GPS satellites are widely used by crop insurance companies, scientists and commodity organizations
Sensors	By installing monitoring sensors to track the condition of livestock in real time. Perceive a chain of parameters such as biomolecular, chemical, optical, thermal, electrical and biological to get a 360 degree view of crop health
Connectivity protocols	• ZigBee is the long ranges that are most beneficial for the agricultural sector. • LoRaWAN, LPWAN and cellular connection are the most used connectivity protocols for smart agriculture.

Work / Appliction	Applications of Deep Learning	UAVs in Smart Agriculture	Edge AI applications	Big Data Applications	Security and Privacy Aspects	Water-saving Irrigation Technologies	Blockchain	IoT	IoT and Blockchain technologies	Challenges and Future Trends
2019	[15]	[16]	[17]		[18]	[19]	[15]	[20]	[18]
2020		[21]			[22]		[23]	[7]	[24]
2021				[25]		[26]	[27]	[28]	[16]
2022	[29]	[30]		[29]			[31]	[29]	[10]
2023							[32]	[6]	[5]
Our Work	✓						✓	✓	✓	✓

Features	Description
Elimination of centralized authority	Since the blockchain works decentrally with every node in the network, smart contracts can execute autonomously according to predefined rules. Therefore, the decentralization of the system ensures uninterrupted service availability by eliminating single points of failure, reducing data usage and latency, and ensuring accountability.
Forge Resistance	Smart contracts maintain the integrity of the distributed ledger and verify computing logic through digital signatures. Once a smart contract is implemented, it cannot be changed even by its owner.
Transparency	Authenticated users can access transaction data and smart contract logic at any time.
Accuracy	Since conditions are programmed to be immutable and verified multiple times before being deployed to blockchain nodes, execution is automated and guaranteed to be accurate and error-free at execution time. This feature eliminates biased operations and maintains trust between entities through transparent execution.