Abstract
Agriculture represents a major turning point in economic development, and many modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology, are playing an effective role in making farming practices simpler and smarter. IoT is a common model of information technology, and its use in agriculture has become widespread, with integrated applications for recording and updating various activities. Sensors make it easier for farmers to gather basic information and details in the field, for example by monitoring soil and crops. However, with the growing sophistication of IoT attacks, the threat vectors are increasing. This is where blockchain technology comes in to address the security and privacy challenges associated with IoT use. Blockchain can extend the scope of IoT applications. This article aims to present a comprehensive review of existing and recent research concerning blockchain and IoT technologies, as well as future research directions in the field of intelligent agricultural systems.