Fig. 1.
a) Map of the Mexican Republic; b) map of the state of Guerrero, collection site of Luffa aegyptiaca in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico; and c) collection of Prosopis laevigata in Huixastla, municipality of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, Mexico
Table 1.
Phytochemical screening results of selected hydroalcoholic extracts.
| Metabolite | Reagent chemical | Luffa aegyptiaca | Prosopis leavigata |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloids | Dragendorff | ++ | ++ |
| Mayer | ++ | + | |
| Wagner | + | + | |
| Coumarins | Bornträger | + | ++ |
| Flavonoids | Mg2+ and HCL | − | ++ |
| Tannins | Ferric chloride (FeCl3) | + | ++ |
| Triterpenes | Liebermann-Buchard | − | + |
| Sterols | Salkowski | − | + |
| Saponins | Water | + | + |
Table 2.
Mortality percentage and lethal concentrations (LC) of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) exposed to a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) derived from fruits of Luffa aegyptiaca and Prosopis laevigata at 72 h.
| LC50/CI | LC90/CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Distilled water | 0.00 e | -- | -- |
| Ivermectin (5 mg/mL) | 100.00 a | -- | -- |
| L. aegyptiaca (HA-E, mg/mL) | |||
| 100 | 91.98 ± 3.99 b | 30.78/28.41–33.26 | 92.09/82.97–103.60 |
| 50 | 57.94 ± 2.37 c | ||
| 25 | 40.12 ± 3.24 e | ||
| 12.5 | 1.42 ± 0.53 e | ||
| P. laevigata (HA-E, mg/mL) | 33.96/29.73–38.66 | -- | |
| 100 | 79.00 ± 1.88 b | ||
| 50 | 63.72 ± 2.77 c | ||
| 25 | 14.61 ± 2.44 d | ||
| 12.5 | 1.19 ± 0.90 e | ||
| VC | 4.02 | ||
| R2 | 0.99 |
Table 3.
Medicinal plants used in the control of ovine haemonchosis.
| Scientific name | Family | Extraction suystem | Assay type | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prosopis laevigata | Fabaceae | Ac-E | In vitro (LM) | 20 mg/mL= 100% | Delgado-Núñez et al., 2025 |
| Chamaecrista nictitans | Fabaceae | EtOAc-E | In vitro (EHI) | 5000 μg/mL 88.45% | Cortes-Morales et al., 2024 |
| Arceuthobium vaginatum | Santalaceae | EtOAc-E | In vitro (EHI) | 0.25 mg/mL= 97.5 % | Becerril-Gil et al., 2023 |
| Cyrtocarpa procera fruits | Anacardiaceae | HA-E | In vitro EHI/LM | 3 mg/mL= 100% / 150 mg/mL=96% | De Jesús-Martínez et al., 2024 |
| Aq-F | 3 mg/mL= 92.57% / 50 mg/mL= 30.19% | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 1 mg/mL= 100% / 50 mg/mL= 78.97% | ||||
| Ipomoea pauciflora | Convolvulaceae | HA-E | In vitro (LM) | 50 mg/mL= 85.75 % | Delgado-Núñez et al., 2023a |
| Carica papaya | Caricaceae | Aq-E | In vitro (LM) | 12 μg/mL 97.67 % | Delgado-Núñez et al., 2023b |
| Caesalpinia coriaria | Fabaceae | HA-E | In vitro (LM) | 100 mg/mL= 45.72% | García-Hernández et al., 2022 |
| Aq-E | 50 mg/mL= 23.48% | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 50 mg/mL= 98.36% | ||||
| Leucaena leucocephala | Fabaceae | HA-E | In vitro (EHI) | 100 mg/mL= 71% | López-Rodríguez et al., 2022 |
| Lippia graveolens (Lg) | Verbenaceae | HA-E | In vitro EHI/LM | 12.5 mg/mL= 100% / 100 mg/mL=78.94% | Olmedo-Juárez et al., 2022a |
| Aq-F | 25 mg/mL= 4.50% / 50 mg/mL= 71.62% | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 1.56 mg/mL= 100% / 25 mg/mL=99.72% | ||||
| Delonix regia (Dr) | Fabaceae | HA-E | 25 mg/mL= 63.72% / 200 mg/mL=97.68% | ||
| Aq-F | 25 mg/mL= 67.00% / 50 mg/mL= 86.82% | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 1.56 mg/mL= 100% / 50 mg/mL=97.83% | ||||
| Pithecellobium dulce | Fabaceae | HA-E | In vitro (EHI) | 5 mg/mL= 98.57 % | Olmedo-Juárez et al., 2022b |
| Aq-F | 5 mg/mL= 96.87 % | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 0.62 mg/mL= 99.94% | ||||
| Prosopis laevigata | Fabaceae | EtOAc-F | In vitro (LM) | 50 mg/mL= 96.01 % | Delgado Núñez et al., 2020 |
| Acacia farnesiana | Fabaceae | HA-E | In vitro EHI/LM | 50 mg/mL= 100% / 50 mg/mL=72.50% | Zarza-Albarrán et al., 2020 |
| Aq-F | 50 mg/mL= 10.30% / 50 mg/mL= 0.0% | ||||
| EtOAc-F | 1.56 mg/mL= 99.79% / 25 mg/mL=100% | ||||
| Chenopodium ambrosioides (Ca) | Amaranthaceae | n-hexane | In vitro (LM) | Ca: 40 mg/mL= 96.3 % | Zamilpa et al., 2019 |
| Ct: 40 mg/mL= 76 % | |||||
| Castela tortuosa (Ct) | Simaroubaceae | In vivo (gerbils) | Ca: 40 mg/mL= 45.86 % | ||
| Ct: 40 mg/mL= 27.15 % | |||||
| Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | Lamiaceae | EO | In vitro | Ferreira et al., 2016 | |
| EHI | 25 mg/mL = 99.8% | ||||
| LM | 12.5 mg/mL= 98.4% | ||||
| LD | 0.062 mg/mL= 99.4% | ||||
| Cymbopogon schoenanthus | Poaceae | EO | In vitro | Katiki et al., 2011 | |
| EHI | LC50 = 0.04 mg/mL | ||||
| LD | LC50 = 0.06 mg/mL | ||||
| LFIA | LC50 = 0.009 mg/mL |
[i] Nomenclature: EHI= egg hatching inhibition, LM= larval mortality, LD= larval development, LFIA= larval feeding inhibition, LEA= larval exsheath assay, Ac-E= acetone extract, EtOAc-E= ethyl acetate extract, HA-E= hydroalcoholic extract, Aq-F= aqueous fraction, EtOAc-F= ethyl acetate fraction, EO= Essential oils.