References
- A
bdalla , M.A., Mc Gaw , L.J. (2018): Bioprospecting of South African plants as a unique resource for bioactive endophytic microbes. Front Pharmacol, 9: 456. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00456 - A
bebe , B.A., Chane Teferi , S. (2021): Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock ailments in Hulet Eju Enese Woreda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2021: 1 – 11. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668541 - A
gidew , M.G. (2022): Phytochemical analysis of some selected traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Bull Natl Res Cent, 46: 87. DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00770-8 - A
gyare , C., Osafo , N., Boakye , Y.D., Boamah , V.E., Appiah Agana , T., Obeng -Mensah , D., Kwankyewaa Adjei , D., Oduro Yeboah , K.O. (2023): Natural products as therapeutic option for echinococcosis. In: Inceboz , T. (Ed) Echinococcosis – New Perspectives. Rijeka: IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109614 - A
hmed , M., Elamin , A., Baha Saeed , M., Laing , M. (2024): Ovicidal effect of ethanolic extracts of selected plants on eggs of liver flukes in vitro. Helminthologia, 61: 300 – 307. DOI: 10.2478/helm-2024-0036 - A
kabari , H.A., Dhiren , P.S., Sagar , P.P., Sagarkumar , K.P. (2022): Ethanopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Moringaceae family: a review. Syst Rev Pharm, 13(9): 909 – 929 - A
l -Hoshani , N., Almahallawi , R., Al -Nabati , E.A., Althubyani , S.A., Negm , S., El -Ikott , A.F., Ahmed , A.E. (2024): Anthelmintic effects of herbal mixture of selected plants of Apiaceae on Strongylus vulgaris and Fasciola hepatica. Pak Vet J, 44. DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2024.148 - A
li , N.M., Ibrahim , A.N., Ahmed , N.S. (2016): Assessment of the effect of Allium sativum on serum nitric oxide level and hepatic histopathology in experimental cystic echinococcosis in mice. J Parasit Dis, 40: 893 – 900. DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0600-x - A
li , R., Khan , S., Khan , M., Adnan , M., Ali , I., Khan , T.A., Haleem , S., Rooman , M., Norin , S., Khan , S.N. (2020): A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS One, 15: e0240456. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240456 - A
l -Shaibani , I., Phulan , M., Arijo , A., Qureshi , T. (2008): Ovicidal and larvicidal properties of Adhatoda vasica (L.) extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in vitro. Pak Vet J, 28(2): 79 – 83 - A
ltemimi , A., Lakhssassi , N., Baharlouei , A., Watson , D., Lightfoot , D. (2017): Phytochemicals: extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants, 6: 42. DOI: 10.3390/plants6040042 - A
lvi , M.A., Khan , S., Ali , R.M.A., Qamar , W., Saqib , M., Faridi , N.Y., Li , L., Fu , B.Q., Yan , H.B., Jia , W.Z. (2022): Herbal medicines against hydatid disease: A systematic review (2000–2021). Life, 12: 676. DOI: 10.3390/life12050676 - A
mri , M., Touil -Boukoffa , C. (2016): In vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 9: 749 – 756. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.013 - A
nywar , G., Van ’t Klooster , C.I.E.A., Byamukama , R., Willcox , M., Nalumansi , P.A., De Jong , J., Rwaburindori , P., Kiremire , B.T. (2016): Medicinal plants used in the treatment and prevention of malaria in Cegere Sub-County, Northern Uganda. Ethnobot Res Appl, 14: 505 – 516. DOI: 10.17348/era.14.0.505-516 - A
rksey , H., O’Malley , L. (2005): Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol, 8: 19 – 32. DOI: 10.1080/1364557032000119616 - A
taba , E., Katawa , G., Ritter , M., Ameyapoh , A.H., Anani , K., Amessoudji , O.M., Tchadié , P.E., Tchacondo , T., Batawila , K., Ameyapoh , Y., Hoerauf , A., Layland , L.E., Karou , S.D. (2020): Ethnobotanical survey, anthelmintic effects and cytotoxicity of plants used for treatment of helminthiasis in the Central and Kara regions of Togo. BMC Complement Med Ther, 20: 212. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03008-0 - B
abalola , I.T., Umar , U.M. (2021): Preliminary phytochemical and in vitro anthelmintic properties of Calotropis procera root extracts (Asclepiadaceae). J Pure Appl Sci, 20(9): 49 – 53 - B
enchikh El Fegoun , M.C. (2020): Cystic echinococcosis in Algeria: the role of cattle as reservoirs in the dynamics of transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to humans via dogs. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 113: 130 – 135. DOI: 10.3166/bspe-2020-0130 - B
enmarce , M., Elissondo , M.C., Laatamna , A., Haif , A. (2024a): Comparative study of the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Atriplex halimus, the anti-echinococcal plant used in Algeria. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep, 54: 101094. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101094 - B
enmarce , M., Haif , A., Elissondo , M.C., Bouaziz , S., Bentahar , A., Laatamna , A. (2024b): Comparison of the scolicidal activity of two leaf extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces. Acta Parasitol, 69: 839 – 853. DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00808-z - B
izhani , N. (2015): Herbal therapy and treatment of worm infections, emphasizing Taenia solium. Iran J Public Health, 44(11): 1555 – 1556 - B
osco , A., Alves , L.C., Cociancic , P., Amadesi , A., Pepe , P., Morgoglione , M.E., Maurelli , M.P., Ferrer -Miranda , E., Santoro , K.R., Nascimento Ramos , R.A., Rinaldi , L., Cringoli , G. (2021): Epidemiology and spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats slaughtered in a hyperendemic European Mediterranean area. Parasites Vectors, 14: 421. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04934-9 - B
ouaziz , S., Amri , M., Taibi , N., Zeghir -Bouteldja , R., Benkhaled , A., Mezioug , D., Touil -Boukoffa , C. (2021): Protoscolicidal activity of Atriplex halimus leaves extract against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Exp Parasitol, 229: 108155. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108155 - B
ustos , J., Gonzales , I., Saavedra , H., Handali , S., Garcia , H.H. (2021): Neurocysticercosis: a frequent cause of seizures, epilepsy, and other neurological morbidity in most of the world. J Neurol Sci, 427: 117527. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117527 - B
ustos , J.A., Arroyo , G., Del Brutto , O.H., Gonzales , I., Saavedra , H., Guzman , C., Sanchez -Boluarte , S.S., Thakur , K.T., Coyle , C., O’Neal , S.E., Garcia , H.H. (2023): Calcified neurocysticercosis: demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics of a large hospital-based patient cohort. Pathogens, 13: 26. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010026 - B
utala , C., Brook , T.M., Majekodunmi , A.O., Welburn , S.C. (2021): Neurocysticercosis: current perspectives on diagnosis and management. FrontVet Scii, 8: 615703. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615703 - B
uttle , D.J., Behnke , J.M., Bartley , Y., Elsheikha , H.M., Bartley , D.J., Garnett , M.C., Donnan , A.A., Jackson , F., Lowe , A., Duce , I.R. (2011): Oral dosing with papaya latex is an effective anthelmintic treatment for sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Parasites Vectors, 4: 36. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-36 - C
alixto , J.B. (2019): The role of natural products in modern drug discovery. An Acad Bras Cienc, 91: e20190105. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920190105 - C
enters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024): Clinical overview of taeniasis: human tapeworm (taeniasis). Retrieved fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/taeniasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html - C
enters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024): Echinococcosis. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/index.html - C
haachouay , N. (2025): Synergy, additive effects, and antagonism of drugs with plant bioactive compounds. Drug Des Devel Ther, 4: 4. DOI: 10.3390/ddc4010004 - C
heraghipour , K., Shakib , P., Khalaf , A.K., Zivdari , M., Beiranvand , M., Marzban , A., Mahmoudvand , H. (2024): Phytochemical screening, protoscolicidal activity and mechanisms of action of Taraxacum officinale extract against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Anim Res Int, 79: 1311 – 1317. DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2024.79.6.1311 - D
e Coster , T., Van Damme , I., Baauw , J., Gabriël , S. (2018): Recent advancements in the control of Taenia solium: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol, 13: e00030. DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.e00030 - D
eb , D.D., Parimala , G., Saravana Devi , S., Chakraborty , T. (2011): Effect of thymol on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and acute promyelotic cancer cell line HL-60. Chem Biol Interact, 193: 97 – 106. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.05.009 - D
inat , S., Orchard , A., Van Vuuren , S. (2023): A scoping review of African natural products against gastric ulcers and Helicobacter pylori. J Ethnopharmacol, 301: 115698. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115698 - D
onkor , M.N., Donkor , A.M., Mosobil , R. (2023): Combination therapy: synergism among three plant extracts against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes, 16: 83. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06354-7 - D
outi , F.V., Katawa , G., Arndts , K., Bara , F.D., Awesso , E.R., Karou , S.D., Hoerauf , A., Ritter , M. (2025): Potential of Aframomum melegueta and Xylopia aethiopica against Taenia spp.: plant-based remedies as novel anthelmintics. Pharmaceuticals, 18: 749. DOI: 10.3390/ph18050749 - E
iki , N., Sebola , N., Sakong , B., Mabelebele , M. (2021): Review on ethnoveterinary practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vet Sci, 8: 99. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060099 - E
l -Bahy , N.M., Abdelaziz , A.R., Khalafalla , R.E. (2019): In vitro evaluation of Nigella sativa and Punica granatum effect on protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 28: 210 – 214. DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019019 - E
lissondo , M.C., Albani , C.M., Gende , L., Eguaras , M., Denegri , G. (2008): Efficacy of thymol against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Parasitol Int, 57: 185 – 190. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.005 - E
lowni , E.E., Abdelnabi , G.H., Ahmad , M.F., Badawi , R.M. (2020a): Potential application of Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) aqueous extract as an objectively quantifiable assay for assessment of viability of protoscolices from hydatid cysts. Open Access Libr J, 7: 1 – 7. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106371 - E
lowni , E.E., Ahmad , M.F., Abdelnabi , G.H., Badawi , R.M. (2020b): Potential application of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) aqueous extract for assessment of viability of protoscolices from hydatid cysts. Open Access Libr J, 7: 1 – 8. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106398 - E
nwerem , N.M., Okogun , J.I., Wambebe , C.O., Okorie , D.A., Akah , P.A. (2001): Anthelmintic activity of the stem bark extracts of Berlina grandiflora and one of its active principles, betulinic acid. Phytomedicine, 8: 112 – 114. DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00023 - E
rnst , M., Grace , O.M., Saslis -Lagoudakis , C.H., Nilsson , N., Simonsen , H.T., Rønsted , N. (2015): Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 176: 90 – 101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.025 - F
airweather , I., Boray , J.C. (1999): Fasciolicides: efficacy, actions, resistance and its management. Vet J, 158: 81 – 112. DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.037 - G
abrashanska , M., Tsocheva -Gaytandzhieva , N., Nanev , V., Vladov , I. (2016): Antioxidants in the liver of Fasciola hepatica infected rabbits after mixed basic salts application. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of Experimental Models and Methods in Biomedical Research, 16–18 May 2016; Sofia, Bulgaria. EO7: 92 – 97. - G
arcia , H.H., Gonzalez , A.E., Gilman , R.H. (2020): Taenia solium cysticercosis and its impact in neurological disease. Clin Microbiol Rev, 33: e00085–19. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00085-19 - G
hatee , M.A., Nikaein , K., Taylor , W.R., Karamian , M., Alidadi , H., Kanannejad , Z., Sehatpour , F., Zarei , F., Pouladfar , G. (2020): Environmental, climatic and host population risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis in southwest of Iran. BMC Public Health, 20: 1611. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09638-w - G
oti , D., Dasgupta , D.S. (2023): A comprehensive review of conventional and non-conventional solvent extraction techniques. J Pharmacogn Phytochem, 12: 202 – 211. DOI: 10.22271/phyto.2023.v12.i3c.14682 - H
ammami , H., Ayadi , A. (2008): Molluscicidal and antiparasitic activity of Solanum nigrum var. villosum against Galba truncatula infected or uninfected with Fasciola hepatica. J Helminthol, 82: 235 – 239. DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X08982584 - H
atwiko , H., Muchanga , R., Chembensofu , M., Chakulya , M., Miyanda , P., Sichamba , P. (2025): Anthelminthic activity of the aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf against Taenia solium cysticerci. bioRxiv, 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.02.26.640305 - H
errera -Torres , G., Barrero -Torres , D.M., Pérez , J., Flores -Velázquez , L.M., Martínez -Moreno , Á., Martínez -Moreno , F.J., Buffoni , L., Rufino -Moya , P.J., Molina -Hernández , V., Ruiz -Campillo , M.T. (2025): An update on the control of fasciolosis: traditional and alternative treatments and possible future approaches. In: De -Simone , G., Lechuga , G.C. (Eds) Exploring the World of Parasites. London, UK: IntechOpen, 2025. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1008803 - H
izem , A., M’rad , S., Oudni -M’rad , M., Mezhoud , H., Ben Jannet , H., Flamini , G., Ghedira , K., Babba , H. (2020): In vitro scolicidal activity of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link essential oil on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. J Essent Oil Res, 32: 178 – 185. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1711212 - H
oste , H., Martinez -Ortiz -De -Montellano , C., Manolaraki , F., Brunet , S., Ojeda -Robertos , N., Fourquaux , I., Torres -Acosta , J.F.J., Sandoval -Castro , C.A. (2012): Direct and indirect effects of bioactive tannin-rich tropical and temperate legumes against nematode infections. Vet Parasitol, 186: 18 – 27. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.042 - I
bekwe , H.A., Bikom , P.M. (2019): Trematocidal activity of aqueous crude extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves. Indian J Vet Res, 28: 1 – 7. DOI: 10.5958/0974-0171.2019.00001.3 - J
ames , P.B., Wardle , J., Steel , A., Adams , J. (2018): Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health, 3: e000895. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000895 - J
ato , J., Orman , E., Duah Boakye , Y., Oppong Bekoe , E., Oppong Bekoe , S., Asare -Nkansah , S., Spiegler , V., Hensel , A., Liebau , E., Agyare , C. (2022): Anthelmintic agents from African medicinal plants: review and prospects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022: 1 – 42. DOI: 10.1155/2022/8023866 - K
abululu , M.L., Boa , M.E. (2021): Validating efficacy of Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii, Carissa edulis, and Ximenia americana in treating Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Results, 2: e36. DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.29 - K
adari , Y., Selles , S.M.A., Kouidri , M., Ould Amer , I. (2025): Main compounds, antioxidant activity and lethal effect of Thymus pallescens essential oil on protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. Egypt J Vet Sci, 56: 11 – 20. DOI: 10.21608/ejvs.2025.327474.242 - K
andil , O.M., Hassan , N.M.F., Sedky , D., Ata , E.B., Nassar , S.A., Shalaby , H.A., Nanev , V., Tsocheva -Gaytandzhieva , N., Gabrashanska , M. (2018): Anthelmintic efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed methanolic extract against Fasciola hepatica. J Parasit Dis, 42: 391 – 401. DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1014-y - K
andil , O.M., Hassan , N.M.F., Sedky , D., Shalaby , H.A., Ashry , H.M., El Ezz , N.M.T.A., Kandeel , S.M., Abdelfattah , M.S., Ying , L., Al -Olayan , E.M. (2024): Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in Egypt and the cysticidal effect of two extracts obtained from Balanites aegyptiaca and Moringa oleifera on mice model affected with Taenia saginata cysticerci. Open J Anim Sci, 14(2): 39 – 55. DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2024.142004 - K
aromo , W.F., Rwai , W.W. (2016): In vitro anthelmintic activity of Sansevieria trifasciata leaves extract against Fasciola hepatica. World J Pharm Sci, 4(11): 136 – 139 - K
eiser , J., Utzinger , J. (2004): Chemotherapy for major food-borne trematodes: a review. Expert Opin Pharm Ther, 5: 1711 – 1726. DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.8.171 - K
üster , T., Hermann , C., Hemphill , A., Gottstein , B., Spiliotis , M. (2013): Subcutaneous infection model facilitates treatment assessment of secondary alveolar echinococcosis in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 7: e2235. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002235 - L
absi , M., Khelifi , L., Mezioug , D., Soufli , I., Touil -Boukoffa , C. (2016): Antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of Punica granatum peel aqueous extract in a murine model of echinococcosis. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 9: 211 – 220. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.038 - L
absi , M., Soufli , I., Khelifi , L., Amir , Z.-C., Touil -Boukoffa , C. (2019): A preventive effect of the combination of albendazole and pomegranate peel aqueous extract treatment in cystic echinococcosis mice model: an alternative approach. Acta Trop, 197: 105050. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105050 - L
asisi , A., Idowu , O. (2014): In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts from the stem barks of Berlinia confusa (C. Hoyle) and identification of its active constituents. J Saudi Chem Soc, 18: 939 – 944. DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.016 - L
evac , D., Colquhoun , H., O’Brien , K.K. (2010): Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci, 5: 69. DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 - L
ifschitz , A., Lanusse , C., Alvarez , L. (2017): Host pharmacokinetics and drug accumulation of anthelmintics within target helminth parasites of ruminants. N Z Vet J, 65: 176 – 184. DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1317222 - M
aggiore , M., Pensel , P.E., Denegri , G., Elissondo , M.C. (2015): Chemoprophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of thymol in murine cystic echinococcosis. Parasitol Int, 64: 435 – 440. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.005 - M
archese , A., Barbieri , R., Coppo , E., Orhan , I.E., Daglia , M., Nabavi , S.F., Izadi , M., Abdollahi , M., Nabavi , S.M., Ajami , M. (2017): Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit Rev Microbiol, 43: 668 – 689. DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1295225 - M
as -Coma , S., Bargues , M.D., Valero , M.A. (2018): Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures. Parasitology, 145: 1665 – 1699. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018000914 - M
eena , A.K., Bansal , P., Kumar , S. (2009): Plants-herbal wealth as a potential source of ayurvedic drugs. Asian J Trad Med, 4(4): 152 – 170 - M
ekonnen , A.B., Mohammed , A.S., Tefera , A.K. (2022): Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human and animal diseases in Sedie Muja District, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022: 7328613. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7328613 - M
elki , J., Koffi , E., Boka , M., Touré , A., Soumahoro , M.-K., Jambou , R. (2018): Taenia solium cysticercosis in West Africa: status update. Parasite, 25: 49. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018048 - M
ilgroom , M.G. (2023): Helminths. In: Biology of Infectious Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 89 – 108. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38941-2_7 - M
ohammed , A.S.S., Mokhtaria , K. (2019): In-vitro scolicidal activity of Citrus limon Eureka juice. Agricultura, 109(1–2). DOI: 10.15835/agrisp.v109i1-2.13392 - M
ontresor , A., Mupfasoni , D., Mikhailov , A., Mwinzi , P., Lucianez , A., Jamsheed , M., Gasimov , E., Warusavithana , S., Yajima , A., Bisoffi , Z., Buonfrate , D., Steinmann , P., Utzinger , J., Levecke , B., Vlaminck , J., Cools , P., Vercruysse , J., Cringoli , G., Rinaldi , L., Blouin , B., Gyorkos , T.W. (2020): The global progress of soil-transmitted helminthiases control in 2020 and World Health Organization targets for 2030. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 14: e0008505. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008505 - M
ordvinov , V.A., Ponomarev , D.V., Pakharukov , Y.V., Pakharukova , M.Y. (2021): Anthelmintic activity of antioxidants: in vitro effects on the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus. Pathogens, 10: 284. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030284 - M
usale , V.M., Mwape , K.E., Chitanga , S. (2024): In vitro biological activity testing of Vitex doniana bark extract and Flueggea virosa root extract against Taenia solium metacestodes. Univ Zambia J Agric Biomed Sci, 7(4): 26 – 33. DOI: 10.53974/unza.jabs.7.4.1194 - M
wamatope , B., Tembo , D., Kampira , E., Maliwichi -Nyirenda , C., Ndolo , V. (2021): Seasonal variation of phytochemicals in four selected medicinal plants. Pharmacogn Res, 13: 218 – 226. DOI: 10.5530/pres.13.4.14 - N
agati , I.M., Ali , I.R., Aly , N.S., Ali , H.S., Fawzy , M.M., Kishik , S.M. (2020): Study of the effect of Nigella sativa oil and its loaded nanoparticles on acute cystic echinococcosis in experimentally infected mice. Benha J Appl Sci, 5: 1 – 7. DOI: 10.21608/bjas.2020.135464 - N
argawe , L., Malathi , G., Vidhya , C.S., Upadhyay , L. (2023): Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Africa. Plant Sci Arch, 8(4): 26. DOI: 10.51470/PSA.2023.8.4.26 - N
jeh , F., Hamed , N., Ayadi , A., Damak , M., Hammami , H., Mezghani -Jarraya , R. (2015): Molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Capparis spinosa aerial parts against Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Indian J Pharm Educ Res, 49: s12 – s20. DOI: 10.5530/ijper.49.4s.2 - N
ukeri , S., Malatji , M.P., Sithole , M.I., Ngcamphalala , P.I., Nyagura , I., Tembe , D., Ndlovu , I.S., Chaisi , M., Mukaratirwa , S. (2025): Infection rates of Fasciola spp. in cattle slaughtered at 13 abattoirs in six of nine provinces of South Africa. Food Waterborne Parasitol, 39: e00260. DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00260 - N
yagura , I., Malatji , M.P., Mukaratirwa , S. (2022): Occurrence of Fasciola (Digenea: Fasciolidae) species in livestock, wildlife and humans, and the geographical distribution of their intermediate hosts in South Africa: a scoping review. Front Vet Sci, 9: 967822. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.967822 - O
doma , S., Twinomugisha , F., Neeza , T., Funso -Babarimisa , F. (2025): Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of ethanol leaf extract of Dimocarpus longan (Lour.) against Taenia solium. J Pharm Bioall Sci, 22: 45 – 52. DOI: 10.4314/jpb.v22i1.5 - O
fodile , L., Tolulola , O.J., Ogundele , G., Ani , E. (2019): Anthelmintic thin layer chromatographic fractions of the leaves of the herbal plant Dalbergiella welwitschii. Aust J Basic Appl Sci, 13(6). DOI: 10.22587/ajbas.2019.13.6.10 - O
gunmefun , O.T., Ogunojemite , O.A., Adedokun , O.A., Olagbemide , P.T., Kehinde , I.O., Soliman , M. (2023): β-Amyrin and benzene-1,2,4-trimethyl from Euphorbia hirta L. and Nauclea latifolia (Smith) leaves induce dauer diapause via antagonist inhibition of DAF-12 receptor. Trop J Nat Prod Res, 7(7). DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i7.38 - O
hiolei , J.A., Li , L., Ebhodaghe , F., Yan , H., Isaac , C., Bo , X., Fu , B., Jia , W. (2020): Prevalence and distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild and domestic animals across Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis, 67: 2345 – 2364. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13571 - O
keke , I., Morenikeji , O., Oyeyemi , O. (2023): Evaluation of anti-helminthic activities of ethanolic extracts of Calotropis procera and Morinda lucida on adult Fasciola gigantica. J Adv Vet Res, 13(5): 761 – 766 - O
kello , A., Thomas , L. (2017): Human taeniasis: Current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 10: 107 – 116. DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S116545 - O
lusegun -Joseph , T.S., Ofodile , L.N., Oguntoku , T. (2013): In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of leaves of Dalbergiella welwitschii. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 5(1): 32 – 33 - O
nocha , P.A., Olusanya , T.O.B. (2010): Antimicrobial and anthelmintic evaluation of Nigerian Euphorbiaceae plants 3: Acalypha wilkesiana. Afr Scientist, 11(2): 85 – 89 - P
eters , M.D., Godfrey , C., Mc Inerney , P., Munn , Z., Tricco , A.C., Khalil , H. (2024): Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris , E., Lockwood , C., Porritt , K., Pilla , B., Jordan , Z. (Eds) JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI. DOI: 10.46658/JBIMES-24-09 - P
ınarlık , F., Keske , S., Rozanes , I., Ergonul , O. (2023): Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of Fasciola hepatica infection. Infect Dis Clin Microbiol, 5: 49 – 52. DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2023.197 - P
irintsos , S., Panagiotopoulos , A., Bariotakis , M., Daskalakis , V., Lionis , C., Sourvinos , G., Karakasiliotis , I., Kampa , M., Castanas , E. (2022): From traditional ethnopharmacology to modern natural drug discovery: a methodology discussion and specific examples. Molecules, 27: 4060. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134060 - R
ibeiro , J.C., Ribeiro , W.L.C., Camurça -Vasconcelos , A.L.F., Macedo , I.T.F., Santos , J.M.L., Paula , H.C.B., Araújo Filho , J.V., Magalhães , R.D., Bevilaqua , C.M.L. (2014): Efficacy of free and nano-encapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and toxicity for mice. Vet Parasitol, 204: 243 – 248. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.026 - R
inaldi , F. (2014): Cystic echinococcosis of the liver: a primer for hepatologists. World J Hepatol, 6: 293. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i5.293 - R
omero -Benavides , J.C., Ruano , A.L., Silva -Rivas , R., Castillo -Veintimilla , P., Vivanco -Jaramillo , S., Bailon -Moscoso , N. (2017): Medicinal plants used as anthelmintics: ethnomedical, pharmacological, and phytochemical studies. Eur J Med Chem, 129: 209 – 217. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.005 - R
omig , T., Deplazes , P., Jenkins , D., Giraudoux , P., Massolo , A., Craig , P.S., Wassermann , M., Takahashi , K., De La Rue , M. (2017): Ecology and life cycle patterns of Echinococcus species. In: Advances in Parasitology. Elsevier: 213 – 314. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002 - S
aidi , R., Khanous , L., Khadim Allah , S., Hamdi , B., Ayadi , A., Damak , M., Hammami , H., Mezghani -Jarraya , R. (2017): Antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal assessment of anemonin and Clematis flammula L. extracts against mollusc Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 10: 967 – 973. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.008 - S
angster , N.C., Gill , J. (1999): Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance. Parasitol Today, 15: 141 – 146. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01413-1 - S
elles , S.M.A., Belhamiti , B.T., Kouidri , M., Ait Amrane , A., Kadari , Y., Kaddour , Z., Kabrit , S. (2024): Chemical compounds, antioxidant and scolicidal potencies of Thymus fontanesii essential oil. Exp Parasitol, 257: 108699. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108699 - S
elles , S.M.A., Kouidri , M., Belhamiti , T.B., Ait Amrane , A., Benahmed , M., Hachemi , A. (2020): Main compounds and in vitro effectiveness of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on protoscoleces of hydatid cyst. Comp Clin Pathol, 29: 705 – 711. DOI: 10.1007/s00580-020-03114-y - S
hahnazi , M., Badakhsh , F., Azadmehr , A., Saraei , M., Alipour , M., Shahnazi , M., Jamshidi , M. (2014): Study of protoscolicidal effects of hypertonic glucose on protoscolices of hydatid cyst at different concentrations and exposure times. Inter Schol Res Notices, 2014: 1 – 5. DOI: 10.1155/2014/314502 - S
reedevi , C. (2013): Diagnosis of Taenia solium metacestode infection in pigs: a review. Int J Vet Health Sci, 1(2): 9 – 15 - S
senkuba , F., Komujuni , C., Tumusiime , J. (2022): In vitro anthelmintic activity of Leonotis nepetifolia ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts on Fasciola gigantica. J Vet Med Anim Health, 14(4): 82 – 90 - S
üntar , I. (2020): Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochem Rev, 19: 1199 – 1209. DOI: 10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9 - T
amarozzi , F., Legnardi , M., Fittipaldo , A., Drigo , M., Cassini , R. (2020): Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 14: e0008519. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008519 - T
ariq , A., Sadia , S., Pan , K., Ullah , I., Mussarat , S., Sun , F., Abiodun , O.O., Batbaatar , A., Li , Z., Song , D., Xiong , Q., Ullah , R., Khan , S., Basnet , B.B., Kumar , B., Islam , R., Adnan , M. (2017): A systematic review on ethnomedicines of anti-cancer plants: anti-cancer plants. Phytother Res, 31: 202 – 264. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5751 - T
hompson , R.C.A. (2023): Zoonotic helminths – why the challenge remains. J Helminthol, 97: e21. DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X23000020 - T
homsen , H. (2012): Characterization of constituents and anthelmintic properties of Hagenia abyssinica. Sci Pharm, 80: 433 – 446. DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1109-04 - T
orgerson , P.R., Macpherson , C.N.L. (2011): The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: Global trends. Vet Parasitol, 182: 79 – 95. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.017 - T
ricco , A.C., Lillie , E., Zarin , W., O’Brien , K.K., Colquhoun , H., Levac , D., Moher , D., Peters , M.D.J., Horsley , T., Weeks , L., Hempel , S., Akl , E.A., Chang , C., Mc Gowan , J., Stewart , L., Hartling , L., Aldcroft , A., Wilson , M.G., Garritty , C., Lewin , S., Godfrey , C.M., Macdonald , M.T., Langlois , E.V., Soares -Weiser , K., Moriarty , J., Clifford , T., Tunçalp , Ö., Straus , S.E. (2018): PRISMA Extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med, 169: 467 – 473. DOI: 10.7326/M18-0850 - T
ruong , D.-H., Nguyen , D.H., Ta , N.T.A., Bui , A.V., Do , T.H., Nguyen , H.C. (2019): Evaluation of the use of different solvents for phytochemical constituents, antioxidants, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Severinia buxifolia. J Food Qual, 2019: 1 – 9. DOI: 10.1155/2019/8178294 - U
sman , H., Abdulkarim , I. (2023): Phytochemical and antihelmintic studies of the leaves extract of Sida acuta Burm. f against Taenia saginata. Folia J Sci, 7: 223 – 226. DOI: 10.33003/fjs-2023-0702-1736 - V
uitton , D.A., Mc Manus , D.P., Rogan , M.T., Romig , T., Gottstein , B., Naidich , A., Tuxun , T., Wen , H., Menezes , D.A., Silva , A., World Association of Echinococcosis (2020): International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses. Parasite, 27: 41. DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020024 - W
abo , P.J., Ngankam , N.J., Bilong , B.C., Mpoame , M. (2011): A comparative study of the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya (Caricaceae) on Heligmosomoides bakeri. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 4: 447 – 450. DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60123-5 - W
en , H., Vuitton , L., Tuxun , T., Li , J., Vuitton , D.A., Zhang , W., Mc Manus , D.P. (2019): Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev, 32: e00075–18. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-18 - W
hite , A.C., Coyle , C.M., Rajshekhar , V., Singh , G., Hauser , W.A., Mohanty , A., Garcia , H.H., Nash , T.E. (2018): Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis, 66: e49 – e75. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1084 - W
orld Health Organization (WHO) (2013): WHO traditional medicine strategy: message of the WHO Regional Director for Africa, Dr Luis Gomes Sambo, on the occasion of the African Traditional Medicine Day 2013. Brazzaville: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved fromhttps://www.afro.who.int/regional-director/speeches-messages/message-who-regional-director-africa-dr-luis-gomes-sambo-2 - W
orld Health Organization (WHO) (2020): Guidelines on management of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573853/ - W
orld Health Organization (WHO) (2021): Echinococcosis. Retrieved fromhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/echinococcosis - W
orld Health Organization (WHO) (2024): Neglected tropical diseases. Retrieved fromhttps://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/neglected-tropical-diseases - W
orld Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2022): Fasciola hepatica infection: factsheet. Retrieved fromhttps://www.woah.org/app/uploads/02/fasciola-gigantica-infectionwith.pdf - Y
a -Min , G., Wen -Jun , Z., Shun -Yun , Z., Xiu -Min , H., Zheng -Guang , X. (2018): Surgical treatment strategy for complex hepatic echinococcosis: a review. Chin J Schistosom Control. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018169 - Y
ones , D.A., Taher , G.A., Ibraheim , Z.Z. (2011): In vitro effects of some herbs used in Egyptian traditional medicine on viability of protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Korean J Parasitol, 49: 255 – 260. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.255 - Z
hu , M., Du , X., Xu , H., Yang , S., Wang , C., Zhu , Y., Zhang , T., Zhao , W. (2021): Metabolic profiling of liver and faeces in mice infected with echinococcosis. Parasites Vectors, 14: 324. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04807-1 - Z
ips , D., Thames , H.D., Baumann , M. (2005): New anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In Vivo, 19: 1 – 7 - Z
ulqarnain , M., Abbas , S., Zaman , M.A., Bosire , E.M., Ali , G., Kanwal , N.N., Sarfaraz , M.Z., Khalil , I., Bibi , S. (2024): Plants as anthelmintic allies in the fight against fasciolosis: A review. Compl Altern Med: Botanicals/Homeopathy/Herbal Medicine, 143 – 149. DOI: 10.47278/book.CAM/2024.148