Fig. 1.
Sithobela Health Centre located in the Lowveld region of Eswatini.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioral characteristics of women attending cervical cancer screening in Sithobela, Eswatini, by Schistosoma haematobium infection status.
| Positive Cases | % | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Group (Median=26) | |||
| ≤Median (N=186) | 13 | 6.99 | < 0.01 |
| >Median (N=173) | 26 | 15.03 | |
| Education | |||
| Primary (N=106) | 14 | 13.21 | 0.4 |
| Secondary and above (N=253) | 25 | 9.88 | |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed (N=242) | 27 | 11.16 | 0.79 |
| Employed (N=117) | 12 | 10.26 | |
| Residence Distance from Open Water Source | |||
| <1KM (N=110) | 11 | 10 | 0.3 |
| 1KM (N=162) | 15 | 9.26 | |
| >1KM (N=87) | 13 | 14.94 | |
| Main Source of Water for Domestic Use | |||
| Tap Water (N=109) | 24 | 22.02 | < 0.01 |
| Open or Protected Wells (N=205) | 10 | 4.88 | |
| River (N=45) | 5 | 11.11 | |
| The Activities that Lead to Contacting Water Bodies | |||
| Washing (N=177) | 19 | 10.73 | 0.18 |
| Agriculture Activities (N=51) | 6 | 11.76 | |
| Fetching Water (N=65) | 3 | 4.62 | |
| Bathing (N=66) | 11 | 16.67 | |
| Schistosomiasis Treatment History (praziquantel) | |||
| No (N=337) | 37 | 10.98 | 0.78 |
| Yes (N=22) | 2 | 9.09 | |
| Total (N=359) | 39 | 10.86 | |
Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection among women attending cervical cancer screening in Sithobela, Eswatini.
| Multivariate Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Adjusted OR | 95% C.I. | p-value |
| Age Group (Median=26) | |||
| ≤Median (N=186) | 1.00 | ||
| >Median (N=173) | 2.29 | 1.04–5.05 | 0.04 |
| Education | |||
| Primary (N=106) | 1.00 | ||
| Secondary and above (N=253) | 0.38 | 0.16–0.89 | 0.03 |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed (N=242) | 1.00 | ||
| Employed (N=117) | 0.89 | 0.39–2.02 | 0.79 |
| Residence Distance from Open Water Source | |||
| <1KM (N=110) | 1.00 | ||
| 1KM (N=162) | 0.51 | 0.19–1.31 | 0.16 |
| >1KM (N=87) | 1.60 | 0.62–4.15 | 0.33 |
| Main Source of Water for Domestic Use | |||
| Tap Water (N=109) | 1.00 | ||
| Open or Protected Wells (N=205) | 0.14 | 0.05–0.35 | < 0.01 |
| River (N=45) | 0.46 | 0.14–1.55 | 0.21 |
| The Activities that Lead to Contacting Water Bodies | |||
| Agriculture Activities (N=51) | 1.00 | ||
| Fetching Water (N=65) | 0.60 | 0.12–2.98 | 0.53 |
| Washing or Bathing (N=243) | 0.64 | 0.21–1.98 | 0.44 |
| Schistosomiasis Treatment History (praziquantel) | |||
| No (N=337) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes (N=22) | 0.91 | 0.18–4.68 | 0.90 |
| Total (N=359) | |||