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Prevalence and molecular characterization of ascarid nematodes in cattle population from Malakand Division, Pakistan Cover

Prevalence and molecular characterization of ascarid nematodes in cattle population from Malakand Division, Pakistan

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Map showing the study area in the Malakand Division, along with its districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Map showing the study area in the Malakand Division, along with its districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Fig. 2.

Microscopic images show ascarid nematode eggs identified in cattle fecal samples: (A) and (B) present fertilized and unfertilized A. suum eggs, respectively, and (C) displays the eggs of Toxocara vitulorum.
Microscopic images show ascarid nematode eggs identified in cattle fecal samples: (A) and (B) present fertilized and unfertilized A. suum eggs, respectively, and (C) displays the eggs of Toxocara vitulorum.

Fig. 3.

Gel electrophoresis showing Cox-1 mtDNA partial sequences amplification of T. vitulorum and A. suum samples. Legend: (A) Lanes display the Cox-1 mtDNA gene of T. vitulorum at 441 bp. M indicates the 1 kb size marker; NC and PC represent negative and positive controls, respectively. Lanes 1 and 2 contain DNA samples of T. vitulorum. (B) Lanes show the Cox-1 mtDNA gene of A. suum at 435 bp. M indicates the 1 kb size marker; NC and PC represent negative and positive controls, respectively. Lanes 1 and 2 contain DNA samples of A. suum.
Gel electrophoresis showing Cox-1 mtDNA partial sequences amplification of T. vitulorum and A. suum samples. Legend: (A) Lanes display the Cox-1 mtDNA gene of T. vitulorum at 441 bp. M indicates the 1 kb size marker; NC and PC represent negative and positive controls, respectively. Lanes 1 and 2 contain DNA samples of T. vitulorum. (B) Lanes show the Cox-1 mtDNA gene of A. suum at 435 bp. M indicates the 1 kb size marker; NC and PC represent negative and positive controls, respectively. Lanes 1 and 2 contain DNA samples of A. suum.

Fig. 4.

Alignment of Cox-1 sequences from our ascarid nematode species (ps1 and ps2) and genetically close species, highlighting similarities and differences in nucleotide composition.Legend: The green boxes in the alignment indicate key polymorphic sites between our two isolated sequences from the ascarid species (ps1 and ps2).
Alignment of Cox-1 sequences from our ascarid nematode species (ps1 and ps2) and genetically close species, highlighting similarities and differences in nucleotide composition.Legend: The green boxes in the alignment indicate key polymorphic sites between our two isolated sequences from the ascarid species (ps1 and ps2).

Fig. 5.

Phylogenetic tree of ascarid nematodes based on Cox-1 partial sequences.
Phylogenetic tree of ascarid nematodes based on Cox-1 partial sequences.

Infection rates and EPG analysis of ascarid nematodes in cattle_

Ascarid speciesNumber of examined samplesNumber of positive samplesPercentage of infection (%)95% C.I. (%)Minimum EPGMaximum EPG
Toxocara vitulorum1277231.3025.4 – 37.93 60018 000
Ascaris suum1034921.3016.4 – 27.62 45012 250

Total23012152.6046.1 – 59.06 05030 250

BLAST analysis of Cox-1 partial sequences isolated from ascarid nematodes in cattle from Malakand Division, Pakistan_

IsolateAccession numberCountryPhylogenetic neighbourSimilarity (%)
Isolate 1AJ920062Sri LankaToxocara vitulorum99.00
AJ920057UKToxocara cati92.29
AJ920060MalaysiaToxocaram alaysiensis91.84
MH795151CanadaBaylisascaris devosi91.03

Isolate 2AB591803JapanAscaris suum99.77
KY368759JordanAscaris lumbricoides98.85
MT993838ChinaAscaris ovis98.62
OM004024ChinaAscaridia galli91.16
MH795151CanadaBaylisascaris devosi91.03
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2025-0033 | Journal eISSN: 1336-9083 | Journal ISSN: 0440-6605
Language: English
Page range: 321 - 330
Submitted on: May 7, 2025
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Accepted on: Sep 26, 2025
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Published on: Dec 31, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2025 Ruhoollah, N. Rafiq, M. Kamal, W. Khan, T. Khan, S. Niaz, P. R. De Los Ríos-Escalante, M. Ben Said, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.