Fig. 1
Berlese-Thülgren extractor in disassembled and working condition.
Graph 1.
Parameters of the hydrothermal coefficient from 2014 to 2024 in Bessarabia, Ukraine
Table 1.
Characteristics of hydrometeorological conditions in Bessarabia, Ukraine for 2021 (sufficiently moist).
| Months | Precipitation, mm | Average temperature, °C | Sum of active temperatures (tact > 10), °C | HTC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 22.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | – |
| February | 31.6 | 2.2 | 0.0 | – |
| March | 44.1 | 11.5 | 357 | 1.2 |
| April | 50.3 | 13.1 | 393 | 1.3 |
| May | 65.5 | 19.9 | 616 | 1.0 |
| June | 45.8 | 23.1 | 693 | 0.7 |
| July | 48.9 | 26.4 | 818 | 0.6 |
| August | 39.7 | 27.1 | 840 | 0.5 |
| September | 49.9 | 20.5 | 615 | 0.8 |
| October | 52.1 | 13.7 | 425 | 1.2 |
| November | 45.2 | 10.1 | 303 | 1.5 |
| December | 53.2 | 2.9 | 0.0 | – |
Table 2.
Characteristics of hydrometeorological conditions in Bessarabia, Ukraine for 2024 (severe drought).
| Months | Precipitation, mm | Average temperature, °C | Sum of active temperatures (tact > 10), °C | HTC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 30.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | – |
| February | 43.8 | 3.6 | 0.0 | – |
| March | 25.9 | 10.6 | 329 | 0.8 |
| April | 21.7 | 11.2 | 336 | 0.6 |
| May | 28.9 | 18.5 | 575 | 0.5 |
| June | 25.9 | 23.0 | 689 | 0.4 |
| July | 30.1 | 24.9 | 772 | 0.4 |
| August | 29.5 | 25.1 | 788 | 0.4 |
| September | 28.2 | 19.8 | 594 | 0.5 |
| October | 31.5 | 13.9 | 431 | 0.7 |
| November | 41.2 | 9.5 | 0.0 | – |
| December | 40.7 | 3.4 | 0.0 | – |
Table 3.
Seasonal dynamics of the number of oribatid mites in the soils of Bessarabia, Ukraine in 2021 (sufficiently moist).
| Season | HTC | Specimens per 100 cm2 of pasture area | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural meadows | Cultural meadows | Forest strips | ||
| Spring | 1.2 | 118.4±5.1 | 45.5±4.2 | 121.6±5.5 |
| Summer | 0.6 | 129.5±6.6 | 47.2±3.2 | 199.2±7.1 |
| Autumn | 1.2 | 142.1±4.8 | 52.6±4.1 | 134.6±6.9 |
| Winter | – | 35.5±2.7 | 21.4±2.9 | 98.1±5.4 |
Table 4.
Seasonal dynamics of the number of oribatid mites in the soils of Bessarabia, Ukraine in 2024 (severe drought).
| Season | HTC | Specimens per 100 cm2 of pasture area | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural meadows | Natural meadows | Natural meadows | ||
| Spring | 0.6 | 62.9±6.6 | 39.4±2.7 | 115.2±6.5 |
| Summer | 0.4 | 74.5±7.5 | 28.5±1.9 | 135.8±7.2 |
| Autumn | 0.4 | 60.8±4.9 | 32.6±2.8 | 114.3±5.1 |
| Winter | — | 23.5±1.8 | 19.8±2.2 | 31.6±2.8 |
Table 5.
Dynamics of Moniezia spp. and Thysaniezia giardi in sheep in Bessarabia, Ukraine over an 11-year period.
| Indicators | Year | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
| Number of tested animals | 1002 | 994 | 946 | 545 | 850 | 914 | 880 | 974 | 890 | 805 | 1009 |
| Number of infested animals Moniezia spp. | 198 | 310 | 356 | 129 | 269 | 185 | 193 | 367 | 170 | 179 | 203 |
| Prevalence, % | 19.8 | 31.2 | 37.6 | 23.7 | 31.6 | 20.2 | 21.9 | 37.7 | 19.1 | 22.2 | 20.1 |
| Number of infested animals Thisaniezia giardi | 17 | 22 | 39 | 13 | 24 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 18 | 15 | 16 |
| Prevalence, % | 1.7 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
Fig. 2
Eggs of Moniezia spp.
Table 6
Dynamics of monieziasis in sheep in sufficiently wet years in farms of Bessarabia, Ukraine.
| Months | HTC | Number of tested animals | Number of infested animals | Prevalence, % | Intensity of infestation, EPG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | – | 79 | 21 | 26.6 | 52.3±0.5 |
| February | – | 87 | 23 | 26.4 | 54.7±0.8 |
| March | 1.2 | 175 | 60 | 34.3 | 72.4±0.3 |
| April | 1.3 | 220 | 107 | 48.6 | 120.8±1.2 |
| May | 1.0 | 176 | 87 | 49.4 | 135.1±0.9 |
| June | 0.7 | 155 | 51 | 32.9 | 140.5±1.0 |
| July | 0.6 | 110 | 31 | 28.2 | 102.9±1.4 |
| August | 0.5 | 108 | 28 | 25.9 | 96.8±0.5 |
| September | 0.8 | 157 | 46 | 29.3 | 88.4±0.8 |
| October | 1.2 | 245 | 121 | 49.4 | 101.2±1.1 |
| November | 1.5 | 215 | 104 | 48.4 | 95.2±0.3 |
| December | – | 193 | 44 | 22,8 | 62.7±0.5 |
| Total | – | 1920 | 723 | 37.7 | 93.6±8.0 |
Graph 2.
Dynamics of Moniezia spp. infestation of sheep in sufficiently wet years in farms in Bessarabia (Ukraine) by age groups (1-year-old and 2-year-old).
Table 7.
Prevalence of monieziasis among females and males sheep in wet years in farms in Bessarabia, Ukraine.
| Season | HTC | Infested animals | Females | Prevalence, % | Males | Prevalence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 1.2 | 254 | 168 | 66.1 | 86 | 33.9 |
| Summer | 0.6 | 110 | 63 | 57.3 | 47 | 42.7 |
| Autumn | 1.2 | 271 | 179 | 66.1 | 92 | 33.9 |
| Winter | – | 88 | 45 | 51.1 | 43 | 48.9 |
| Total | 0.8 | 723 | 455 | 62.9 | 268 | 37.1 |
Table 8.
Dynamics of monieziasis in sheep in years of severe drought in farms of Bessarabia, Ukraine.
| Months | HTC | Number of tested animals | Number of infested animals | Prevalence, % | Intensity of infestation, EPG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | – | 78 | 12 | 16.0 | 7.2±0.2 |
| February | – | 147 | 26 | 17.7 | 8.1±0.1 |
| March | 0.8 | 266 | 64 | 24.1 | 25.9±0.5 |
| April | 0.6 | 345 | 86 | 24.9 | 45.8±0.4 |
| May | 0.5 | 272 | 56 | 20.6 | 56.6±0.3 |
| June | 0.4 | 231 | 45 | 19.5 | 50.1±0.2 |
| July | 0.4 | 169 | 22 | 13.0 | 32.5±0.2 |
| August | 0.4 | 211 | 34 | 16.1 | 30.4±0.6 |
| September | 0.5 | 307 | 77 | 15.1 | 27.5±0.1 |
| October | 0.7 | 369 | 68 | 18.4 | 42.1±0.2 |
| November | – | 250 | 43 | 17.2 | 36.2±0.3 |
| December | – | 259 | 38 | 14.7 | 6.8±0.1 |
| Total | – | 2901 | 571 | 19.7 | 30.8±0.1 |
Graph 3.
Dynamics of Moniezia spp. infestation of sheep during years of severe drought in farms in Bessarabia (Ukraine) by age groups (1-year-old and 2-year-old)
Table 9.
Prevalence of monieziasis among females and males sheep during years of severe drought in farms in Bessarabia, Ukraine.
| Season | HTC | Infested animals | Females | Prevalence, % | Males | Prevalence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 0.7 | 206 | 125 | 60.7 | 81 | 39.3 |
| Summer | 0.4 | 101 | 53 | 52.5 | 48 | 47.5 |
| Autumn | 0.6 | 188 | 102 | 54.3 | 86 | 45.7 |
| Winter | – | 76 | 38 | 50.0 | 38 | 50.0 |
| Total | 0.4 | 571 | 318 | 55.7 | 253 | 44.3 |