Fig. 1.
GCMS results of Cinnamomum verum bark extract.
Tabe 1.
Identification of phytochemical compounds by GC-Mass in Cinnamomum verum bark extracts.
| Retention time (min) | Bioactive phytochemicals | Molecular weight | Formula | Peak area % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7.53 | 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- | 144 | C6H8O4 | 3.61 |
| 8.92 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | 126 | C6H6O3 | 4.33 |
| 10.74 | Eugenol | 164 | C10H12O2 | 25.89 |
| 11.34 | Methyleugenol | 178 | C11H14O2 | 0.77 |
| 13.04 | 1,2,4-Cyclopentanetrione, 3-(2-pentenyl)- | 180 | C10H12O3 | 0.81 |
| 13.93 | Methoxyeugenol | 194 | C11H14O3 | 1.30 |
| 15.14 | 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-(3-hydroxybutyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl- | 201 | C13H22O2 | 0.33 |
| 15.35 | Spathulenol | 220 | C15H24O | 0.28 |
| 16.15 | 5,5,8a-Trimethyl-3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-chromene | 180 | C12H20O | 0.80 |
| 17.87 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | 256 | C16H32O2 | 5.97 |
| 19.68 | Linoleic acid | 280 | C18H32O2 | 32.84 |
| 19.72 | Oleic Acid | 282 | C18H34O2 | 14.61 |
| 19.87 | Octadecanoic acid | 284 | C18H36O2 | 1.72 |
| 20.62 | Palmitoyl chloride | 274 | C16H31ClO | 0.23 |
| 22.16 | Linoleoyl chloride | 298 | C18H31ClO | 1.35 |
| 25.34 | Squalene | 410 | C30H50 | 4.52 |
| 27.52 | γ-Tocopherol | 416 | C28H48O2 | 0.42 |
| 28.09 | Stigmastan-3,5-diene | 396 | C29H48 | 0.11 |
| 31.30 | Stigmasterol | 412 | C29H48O | 0.34 |
| 32.39 | Stigmast-7-en-3-ol | 414 | C29H50O | 0.17 |
Table 2.
Means of mortality % (± SE) of Cinnamomum verum bark extract at various exposure duration (15, 30, 60, and 60 mins) against Aspiculuris tetraptera.
| Concentration | Mortality (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 min | 30 min | 60 min | 120 min | |
| Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0 ± 0.0 c | 0 ± 0.0 c | 0 ± 0.0 c |
| 25 mg/mL | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 11± 3.5 abc | 4± 2.4 bc | 0 ± 0.0 c |
| 50 mg/mL | 14.3± 2.7 abc | 35± 2.5 a | 23.3± 4.4 abc | 3.3± 2.7 bc |
| 100 mg/mL | 26.7± 11.9 abc | 26.3± 22.4 ab | 45.7± 7.2 abc | 3.5± 2.5 bc |
| 200 mg/mL | 40± 4.7 a | 33.3± 16.6 ab | 23.3± 11 abc | 3.3± 2.7 bc |
| Albendazole 10 mg/mL | 41 ± 3.2 a | 30±13.4 ab | 22.3± 11.9 abc | 4.3± 1.9 abc |
1 There is a significant difference (p< 0.05) between the means in columns or rows with distinct lowercase letters. indicates that there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) between those with identical lowercase letters, based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, conducted after ANOVA. The mean ± standard error is used to express each value.
Fig. 2.
Impact of different dosages of Cinnamomum verum bark leaf extracts on Aspiculuris tetraptera mortality rates at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes (*Significant relative to the untreated group, p ≤0.01), # Significance of the untreated group statistically (p ≤0.05).
Fig. 3.
Mortality % of Aspiculuris tetraptera assayed with Cinnamomum verum bark extract (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) and the reference medication (10 mg/ml Albendazole), at various exposure durations (15, 30, 60, and 120 min).
Fig. 4.
Mean mortality % of Aspiculuris tetraptera adults at 200 mg/mL concentration for various exposure times (hrs).
Fig. 5.
The general impacts of different dosages of Cinnamomum verum bark extracts (25,50, 100, 200 mg/ml), and reference drug (10 mg/ml Albendazole) on the mortality rate of A. tetraptera of 15 to 120 minutes.
(*Significant relative to the untreated group, p ≤0.01), # Significance of the untreated group statistically (p ≤0.05).
Fig. 6.
Principal effects of extracts from the bark of Cinnamomum verum at several dosages on the mortality rate of Aspiculuris tetraptera at 20, 40, 80, 120, and 180 minutes (*Significant relative to the untreated group, p ≤0.01). # Significance of the untreated group statistically (p ≤0.05).
Table 3.
The average number of A. tetraptera worms obtained by fecal and intestinal centrifugation flotation per cage per mouse at necropsy in a strain of mice treated with Cinnamomum verum bark extract and the anthelmintic drug.
| Groups | n | Average no. of worms after 3 days of treatment | Average no. of worms after 6 days of treatment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In feces | In intestinal | In feces | In intestinal | ||
| Infected | 5 | 245±45 | 395±57 | 284±25 | 367±45 |
| 25 mg/kg | 5 | 213±15 | 275±15 | 220±5 | 156±11 |
| 50 mg/kg | 5 | 75±11 | 121±15 | 110±5 | 112±9 |
| 100 mg/kg | 5 | 48±11 | 90±15 | 20±5 | 25±9 |
| 200 mg/kg | 5 | 2±1.1 | 7±1 | 0 | 0 |
| Albandazol 10 mg/kg | 5 | 3±1 | 11±2 | 0 | 0 |