Table 1.
List of plant species and the organs that were evaluated for their anthelmintic activity.
| No | Family Name | Scientific Name | Common Name | Organs Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Fabaceae | Acacia karoo | Sweet thorn | Leaves and stem |
| 2. | Fabaceae | Acacia tortilis | Umbrella thorn | Leaves and stem |
| 3. | Asteraceae | Achillea millefolium | Yarrow | Leaves |
| 4. | Liliaceae | Allium sativum | Garlic | Bulbs |
| 5. | Asphodelaceae | Aloe ferox | Bitter aloe | Stem |
| 6. | Bromeliaceae | Ananas comosus | Pineapple | Leaves |
| 7. | Papaveraceae | Argemone mexicana | Mexican prickly poppy | Leaves and stem |
| 8. | Asteraceae | Artemisia afra | African wormwood | Leaves and stem |
| 9. | Asteraceae | Artemisia vulgaris | Mugwort | Leaves and stem |
| 10. | Aristolochiaceae | Asarum canadense | Wild ginger | Rhizomes |
| 11. | Asteraceae | Cichorium intybus. | Chicory | Leaves |
| 12. | Amaryllidaceae | Crinum moorei | Inanda lily | Leaves and stem |
| 13. | Cyatheaceae | Cyathea dealbata | Tree fern | Leaves and stem |
| 14. | Poaceae | Cymbopogon nardus | Lemon grass | Leaves |
| 15. | Apiaceae | Foeniculum vulgare | Fennel | Stem and fruit |
| 16. | Lamiaceae | Mentha piperita | Peppermint | Leaves and stem |
| 17. | Moringaceae | Moringa oleifera | Horse radish tree | Leaves |
| 18. | Lamiaceae | Ocimum gratissimum | African basil | Leaves and fruit |
| 19. | Poaceae | Oxytenanthera abyssinica | Lowland bamboo | Stem |
| 20. | Lamiaceae | Plectranthus sp1 | Supr flower | Leaves and bark |
| 21. | Lamiaceae | Plectranthus sp2 | Supr flower | Leaves and bark |
| 22. | Lamiaceae | Plectranthus sp3 | Supr flower | Leaves and bark |
| 23. | Lamiaceae | Plectranthus sp4 | Supr flower | Leaves and bark |
| 24. | Myrtaceae | Psidium guajava | Guava | Leaves |
| 25. | Rubiaceae | Psychotria capensis | Bird berry | Leaves |
| 26. | Myrtaceae | Syzygium aromaticum | Clove | Fruit |
| 27. | Myrtaceae | Syzygium cordatum | Water berry | Leaves |
| 28. | Canellaceae | Warburgia ugandensis | East African pepper | Leaves and bark |
| 29. | Canellaceae | Warburgia salutaris | Pepper bark | Leaves and bark |
Table 2.
ANOVA table for the main effect of 29 ethanolic plant extracts against eggs of liver flukes from cattle.
| Source of variation | d.f. | s.s. | m.s. | F value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | 29 | 87998.22 | 3034.421 | 320.08 | <0.001 |
| Residual | 58 | 549.844 | 9.48 | ||
| Total | 89 | 88556.22 | |||
| LSD | 5.032 | ||||
| Mean ± SE | 41.56 ± 2.514 | ||||
| CV% | 7.4 |
Fig. 1.
The effects of ethanolic extracts of 29 plants on the mortality of eggs of liver flukes from cattle, observed for 15 days after treatment. Mortality was zero in the control treatment.
Table 3.
ANOVA table for the activity of five plant extracts at three concentrations against eggs of liver flukes from cattle.
| Source of variation | d.f. | s.s. | m.s. | F value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | 5 | 19631.7 | 3926.34 | 67.51 | <0.001 |
| Concentrations | 2 | 8405.81 | 4202.91 | 72.26 | <0.001 |
| Plants x concentrations | 10 | 1896.41 | 189.64 | 3.26 | 0.005 |
| Residual | 34 | 1977.52 | 58.16 | ||
| Total | 53 | 31998.59 | |||
| LSD | 13.51 | ||||
| Mean ± SE | 67.4 ± 6.23 | ||||
| CV% | 12.65 |
Table 4.
In vitro efficacy of ethanolic extracts of five plants against eggs of liver flukes from cattle..
| Plants | 5% Extract Mortality (%) | 10% Extract Mortality (%) | 20% Extract Mortality (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moringa oleifera | 82.67 fg | 90 gf | 100 h |
| Ananas comosus | 80 fg | 89 gf | 100 h |
| Foeniculum vulgare | 63 de | 75 ef | 89 gf |
| Cymbopogon nardus | 33 a | 47 bc | 62 de |
| Artemisia afra | 30 a | 42 ab | 60 cd |
Fig. 2:
In vitro efficacy of three concentrations of five ethanolic plant extracts against eggs of liver flukes from cattle. 5% versus 10%: y = 13.8x + 27.2 R2 = 0.9115; 5% versus 20%: y = 11.8x + 46.8 R2 = 0.8808 ▼– five plants at 20% concentrations; 
– five plants at 10% concentrations; ● – five plants and bromelain at 5% concentrations