A contribution on first report of morphogenetic characterization of Anisakis typica parasitizing Indian sand whiting, Sillago sihama from Central west coast of India

A. Yadav; N. Jaiswal; S. K. Malhotra

doi:10.2478/helm-2024-0027

Figures & Tables

Site map of recently discovered Grande Island.

Neighbour-joining tree based on nucleotide ITS2 sequences and reference species. Nucleotide ITS2 sequence data are as described in the text with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates were used. Scale bar represents an interval of the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) model.*Current investigation

Neighbour-joining tree based on nucleotide ITS1 sequences and reference species. Nucleotide ITS1 sequence data are as described in the text with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates were used. Scale bar represents an interval of the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) model.*Current investigation

Neighbour-joining tree based on nucleotide 18S rDNA sequences and reference species. Nucleotide 18S rDNA sequence data are as described in the text with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates were used. Scale two-parameter (K2P) model.*Current investigation

Representative groups of 18S rDNA gene sequences selected for the study_

GenBank Accession No.	Gene	Taxon	Reference
JF412028	18S rDNA	Anisakis simplex	Lalle et al.(Unpublished)
AY821739	18S rDNA	Anisakis simplex	Nadler et al., (2004)
AB277821	18S rDNA	Anisakis physeteris	Umehara et al.,(2008)
EU624343	18S rDNA	Anisakis pegreffii	Quiazon et al.,(2008)
EU624342	18S rDNA	Anisakis simplex	Quiazon et al., (2008)
AY826724	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	D'Amelio et al.,(Unpublished)
AB432908	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Umehara et al., (2008)
AB479120	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Umehara et al., (2010)
JX523715	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Zhang et al.,(2013)
KC928262	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Anshary et al., (2014)
KF636791^*	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Jaiswal et al., (2013)
EF180082	18S rDNA	Anisakis pegreffii	Nadler et al., (2007)
JQ798962	18S rDNA	Anisakis typica	Borges et al., (2012)
HE997162	18S rDNA	Anisakis pegreffii	De Luca et al., (Unpublished)

Representative groups of ITS1 gene sequences selected for the study_

GenBank Accession No.	Gene	Taxon	Reference
KX098561	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Andres et al. (2016)
JX848665	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Jabbar et al. (2017)
MF642336	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Shamsi et al. (2017)
AB479120	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Umehara et al. (Unpublished)
AB432909	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Umehara et al. (Unpublished )
MW315550	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Suthar and Shamsi (2021)
KF633459	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Present study^*
JQ912692	ITS1	Anisakis nascettii	Mattiucci et al. (2014)
LC621351	ITS1	Anisakis simplex	Sato et al. (Unpublished)
FN557239	ITS1	Anisakis sp.	Shamsi (Unpublished)
FN557233	ITS1	Anisakis sp.	Shamsi (Unpublished)
FN391859	ITS1	Anisakis pegreffii	Shamsi et al., (2012)
MF358544	ITS1	Anisakis simplex	Cipriani et al., (2017)
JF424598	ITS1	Contracaecum bioccai	D'Amelio et al., (Unpublished)
HQ616674	ITS1	Anisakis simplex	Meloni et al.,(2011)
HQ616675	ITS1	Anisakis simplex	Meloni et al.,(2011)
KY018601	ITS1	Hysterothylacium aduncum	Pawlak et al.(2018)
KY524217	ITS1	Anisakis typica	Palm et al.(2017)
KY524213	ITS 1	Anisakis typica	Palm et al. (2017)

Frequency of consumption of various non-vegetarian food items reported by households in Kerala_

Attributes	Percentage	Fresh Prawn	Dried Fish	Dried prawn
Never	100%		-
Others	90–100%	62	182	196
On special occasions	30–80%	209	104	77
More than once a week	10–30%	91	121	141
Almost Everyday	0–10%	49	-	-

Morphometric measurements of 3rd stage larvae of Anisakis typica collected from the Northern whiting, Sillago sihama in the present study_

Characters		Measurements (mm)
Characters		Male	Female
Body	L:	3.89–5.366 (4.98±0.28)	8.49–9.82 (7.57±2.79)
Body	W:	0.036–0.043(0.039±0.01)	0.18–0.37(0.27±0.009)
Buccal tooth	L:	0.0054–0.0072(0.0063±0.004)	0.009–0.012(0.010±0.003)
Head	L: W:	0.0043–0.0068 (0.0055±0.001) 0.012–0.014(0.013±0.004)	0.010–0.014(0.012±0.006) 0.019–0.022(0.020±0.004)
Buccal cavity	Deep:	0.016–0.019(0.018±0.002)	0.018–0.020(0.19±0.004)
	W:	0.014–0.018(0.016±0.009)	0.016–0.019(0.017±0.003)
Oesophagus	i. Anterior	0.25–0.27(0.26±0.06)	0.27–0.32(0.29±0.08)
	i. Anterior	0.036-0.043(0.039±0.002)	0.041–0.052(0.046±0.02)
	ii.Posterior	0.18–0.19(0.18±0.007) x 0.054–0.064 (0.059±0.006)	0.21–0.25(0.23±0.1) x 0.060–0.064 (0.062±0.01)
Intestine	W:	–	0.28–0.609 (0.57±0.08) x 0.065–0.099 (0.087±0.03)
Intestinal caecum	L: W:	0.21–0.23(0.22±0.08) 0.0072–0.010(0.009±0.001)	0.28–0.31(0.29±0.08) 0.009–0.012(0.011±0.004)
Ventriculus	L: W:	0.018–0.021(0.019±0.006) 0.036–0.050(0.043±0.002)	0.022–0.023(0.023±0.007) 0.041–0.047(0.043±0.002)
Ventricular appendix	L: W:	0.10–0.12(0.11±0.007) 0.036–0.054(0.045±0.001)	0.135–0.151(0.15±0.02) 0.051–0.066(0.058±0.007)
Distance of anus from tail tip		0.033-0.039(0.034±0.004)	0.039–0.041(0.040±0.01)
Mucron	L: W:	0.0032–0.0036(0.0034) 0.0018–0.0028(0.0023)	0.005–0.006(0.0058±0.001) 0.003–0.005(0.004±0.001)
Ratio of Caeca : Ventricular Appendix		1:1.92	1:1.84
Weight/Length ratio of ventriculus		1:2.2	1:2.12
Length ratio of ventriculus : ceca		1:0.086	1:0.080

Representative groups of ITS2 gene sequences selected for the study_

GenBank Accession No.	Gene	Taxon	Reference
JQ798962	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Borges et al. (2012)
MT635343	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Borges et al. (2021)
ON065560	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Bao et al. (2022)
LN651099	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Shamsi et al. (2015)
KF633462^*	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Present study
KY524217	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Palm et al. (2017)
JQ912692	ITS2	Anisakis nascettii	Mattiucci et al. (2014)
FN556997	ITS2	Anisakis sp.	Shamsi et al. (2012)
FR716448	ITS2	Anisakis pegreffii	Shamsi (Unpublished)
LC745135	ITS2	Anisakis simplex	Ikebuchi (Unpublished)
LC666445	ITS2	Anisakis sp.	Hirata et al. (Unpublished)
MK325217	ITS2	Anisakis sp.	Shamsi et al. (2019)
MF768443	ITS2	Anisakis sp.	Quiazon et al. (Unpublished)
MF358544	ITS2	Anisakis simplex	Cipriani et al. (2017)
HQ616674	ITS2	Anisakis simplex	Meloni et al. (2011)
JF424598	ITS2	Contracaecum bioccai	D'Amelio et al. (Unpublished)
KY018601	ITS2	Hysterothylacium aduncum	Pawlak et al. (2018)
KY524217	ITS2	Anisakis typica	Palm et al. (2017)

Per capita monthly consumption of fish v/s other meat in Malappuram, Kerala_

S. No.	Items consumed	Per capita consumption (kg/month)
1.	Fish	2.6
2.	Chicken	0.8
3.	Beef	0.6
4.	Mutton	0.4
5.	Pork	0.0

Most purchased fish species in Malappuram, Kerala_

S. No.	Fish Species	Purchased by (%)
1.	Sardine	91
2.	Mackerel	60
3.	Sole fish	20
4.	Cod fish	14
5.	Squid	8.5
6.	Prawns	8
7.	Tuna	6.5
8.	Pomfret	5.5
9.	Tilapia	4.5
10.	Seer fish	4
11.	Shark	3.5
12.	Malabar trevally	3
13.	Threadfin bream	2.5
14.	Clams	1.5
15.	Pearl spot	1
16.	Ribbon fish	1

Comparative chart of measurements of Anisakis 3rd stage larvae infesting different hosts, inclusive of those given in earlier reports_

Authors	Anisakis spp.	Host	Body		No. of Examined Hosts	Oesophagus Length	Ventriculus Length	Mucron Length
Authors	Anisakis spp.	Host	Length	Width	No. of Examined Hosts	Oesophagus Length	Ventriculus Length	Mucron Length
Hurst (1984)	Anisakis simplex 3^rd stage larvae	Fish (Thyrsites atun)	20.26±3.04	-	-	1.99±0.21	0.69±0.09	0.023±0.004
Larizza and Vovlas (1995)	Anisakis simplex	Merluccius merluccius	21.60±3.47	0.41±0.05	-	2.65±0.29	0.70±0.08	0.11±0.01
Quiazon, Yoshinaga, Ogawa, and Yukami (2008)	Anisakis pegreffii	Delphinus delphis	11.10–26.78	0.38–0.60	-	1.04–2.11	0.50–0.78	0.02–0.03
Quiazon, Yoshinaga, Ogawa, and Yukami (2008)	Anisakis simplex	Delphinus delphis	12.75–29.94	0.45–0.75	-	1.18–2.58	0.90–1.50	0.02–0.03
Setyobudi, Jeon, Lee, Seong, and Kim (2011)	Anisakis simplex	Oncorhynchus keta	23.62±1.87	0.56±0.04	-	2.06±0.25	1.14±0.13	0.021±0.004
Pardo-Gandarillas, Lohrmann, Valdivia and Ibáñez (2009)	Anisakis physeteris	Etmopterus spinax	27–33	0.63–0.74	-	1.82–2.89	0.53–0.65	0.17–0.32
Murata, Suzuki, Sadamasu and Kai (2011)	Anisakis paggiae	Beryx splendens	18.22±2.28	0.54±0.07	-	1.59±0.19	-	-
Setyobudi, Jeon, Lee, Seong, and Kim (2011)	Anisakis simplex	M. merluccius lessepsianus	20.4±1.2	0.55±0.02	-	2.12±0.20	0.82±0.1	0.025±0.02
Abou-Rahma et al. (2016)	Anisakis simplex	Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus	14.1–25.6	0.48–(20.4±1.2) 0.62 (0.55±0.02	60	1.18–2.68 (2.12±0.2)	0.71–0.92 (0.82±0.1)	0.019–0.032 (0.025 ± 0.02)
Roca-Geronesa, Segoviab, Godinez-Gonzaleza, Fisaa and Montoliua (2020)	Anisakis pegreffii	Trachurus trachurus (Horse mackerrel)	16.9±0.52	0.45±0.06	-	1.70–1.86	0.19–0.31	0.05–0.12
Roca-Geronesa, Segoviab, Godinez-Gonzaleza, Fisaa and Montoliua (2020)	Anisakis simplex	Trachurus trachurus (Horse mackerrel)	17.7±0.21	0.45±0.001	-	1.39–2.45	0.71–1.15	0.05–0.13
Hien, HV, Dung, BT, Ngo, HD & Doanh, PN (2021)	Anisakis simplex	Merluccius merluccius	18.60±1.3	0.29±0.00	-	18.60+1.1x 0.64±0.04	1.54±0.03x 0.64±0.04	0.025±0.005
Mostafa (2023)	Anisakis simplex	Delphinus delphis	18.0±2.1	0.45±0.02	-	1.35±0.02	1.35±0.02	0.018±0.002
Author's study (2024)	Anisakis typica 3^rd stage Larvae	Sillago sihama	7.57±1.79	0.25±0.06	49	0.44±0.05	0.018–0.023 (0.023±0.007)	0.033–0.041 (0.040±0.01)

A contribution on first report of morphogenetic characterization of Anisakis typica parasitizing Indian sand whiting, Sillago sihama from Central west coast of India

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Representative groups of 18S rDNA gene sequences selected for the study_

Representative groups of ITS1 gene sequences selected for the study_

Frequency of consumption of various non-vegetarian food items reported by households in Kerala_

Morphometric measurements of 3rd stage larvae of Anisakis typica collected from the Northern whiting, Sillago sihama in the present study_

Representative groups of ITS2 gene sequences selected for the study_

Per capita monthly consumption of fish v/s other meat in Malappuram, Kerala_

Most purchased fish species in Malappuram, Kerala_

Comparative chart of measurements of Anisakis 3rd stage larvae infesting different hosts, inclusive of those given in earlier reports_

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