Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Haemonchus contortus egg hatching inhibition values attributed to the effect of a Ruta chalepensis full extract at different concentrations_
| Concentration mg/mL | Average of recovered eggs (± Standard deviation) | Average of recovered larvae (± Standard deviation) | Egg hatching inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.25 | 6 ± 3 | 144 ± 18 | 1a |
| 2.5 | 87 ± 86 | 103 ± 79 | 41a |
| 5 | 122 ± 86 | 95 ± 96 | 57a |
| 10 | 225 ± 27 | 9 ± 6 | 96b |
| 20 | 221 ± 69 | 0 ± 0 | 100b |
| Distilled water | 5 ± 4 | 195 ± 10 | 3a |
Haemonchus contortus egg hatching inhibition values attributed to the effect of two phases (aqueous and organic) and a full organic extract of Ruta chalepensis at different concentrations_
| Aqueous phase (Aq-Ph) | Organic phase (EtOAc-Ph) | Whole organic extract | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration mg/mL | Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) | Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) | Egg hatching inhibition (%) | Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) | Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) | Egg hatching inhibition (%) | Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) | Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) | Egg hatching inhibition (%) |
| 1.25 | 75 ± 5 | 57 ± 10 | 57c | 108 ± 15 | 0 | 100b | 6 ± 3 | 144 ± 18 | 1a |
| 2.5 | 107 ± 10 | 30 ± 12 | 78b | 105 ± 16 | 0 | 100b | 87 ± 86 | 103 ± 79 | 41a |
| 5 | 65 ± 6 | 65 ± 3 | 50c | 112 ± 15 | 0 | 100b | 122 ± 86 | 95 ± 96 | 57a |
| 10 | 63 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | 47c | 105 ± 16 | 0 | 100b | 225 ± 27 | 9 ± 6 | 96b |
| 20 | 34 ± 4 | 135 ± 15 | 20d | 86 ± 17 | 0 | 100b | 221 ± 69 | 0 ± 0 | 100b |
| Controls | |||||||||
| Distilled water | 4 ± 2 | 127 ± 8 | 3a | ----- | ----- | ----- | 5 ± 4 | 195 ± 10 | 3a |
| Methanol 4% | ----- | ----- | ----- | 72 ± 12 | 3 ± 1 | 3a | NA | NA | NA |
Volatile compounds identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) from Ruta chalepensis EtOAc-Ph_
| Compound | Retention time (min) | Molecular weight (a.m.u.) | Identified compound | Type of compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.92 | 208 | Elemicin | Phenylpropene |
| 2 | 15.53 | 192 | Piperonyl acetone | Phenylbutanone |
| 3 | 16.33 | 186 | 1,2,3,3a,4,9,10,10a-Octahydrobenzo[f] azulene | phenylcycloalkanes |
| 4 | 18.02 | 220 | 1-piperonylpiperazine | phenylpiperazine |
| 5 | 18.48 | 186 | 7H-Furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-7-one, 4-methoxy | Furocoumarins |
| 6 | 18.60 | 270 | Ethyl pentadecanoate | fatty acid ester |
| 7 | 19.36 | 256 | Hexadecanoid acid | saturated long-chain fatty acid |
| 8 | 20.20 | 248 | PTH-4-hydroxyproline | nonessential amino acid |
| 9 | 20.43 | 216 | Methoxsalen | Furocoumarins |
| 10 | 20.49 | 252 | 1-Octadecanol | Stearyl alcohol |
| 11 | 21.21 | 308 | Ethyl linoleate | fatty acid ethyl ester |
| 12 | 21.23 | 284 | Octadecanoic acid | saturated fatty acid |
| 13 | 21.56 | 230 | Procerin | cyclic alkene |
| 14 | 21.69 | 229 | 4,4′-Dimethoxydiphenylamine | aromatic amine |
| 15 | 22.16 | 246 | 5,8-Dimethoxypsoralen | Furocoumarins |
| 16 | 23.24 | 340 | n-butyl stearate | Fatty acid ester |
| 17 | 27.28 | 314 | 12-methoxy-5β-abieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one | Diterpenoids |
| 18 | 29.09 | 356 | 17α-methoxyprogesterone | steroidal progestin |