References
- Abdullah, S.M.A., Rasheed, A.A. (2004): Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Dokan lake, north of Iraq, II: Endoparasites. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 17(5): 1–12
- Abdullah, S.M.A., Mhaisen, F.T. (2011): Infection of fishes from Greater Zab and Lesser Zab rivers in north of Iraq with larvae of nematode Contracaecum spp. Kirkuk Univ. J. Sci. Stud., 6(3): 694–701 (In Arabic)
- Al-Hadithi, I.A.W., Abdullah, B.H. (1991): Some helminth parasites from three species of aquatic bird in Basrah, Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 4, 261–271 (in Arabic)
- Ali, N.M., Salih, N.E., Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (1987): Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Tigris river, Baghdad, Iraq, IV: Nematoda. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 18(3): 35–45
- Al-Moussawi, A.A., Mohammad, M.K. (2011): Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich, 1964 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) wintering in Baghdad area: A new host record in Iraq. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus., 11(3): 7–16
- Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W, Myers, E.W., Lipman, D.J. (1990): Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403–410. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
- Amlacher, E. (1970): Textbook of fish diseases. (English Translation), T.F.H. Publishing, Jersey City, 302 pp.
- Anderson, R.C. (2000): Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates, their Development and Transmission. 2nd Edition, Walingford, UK, CABI Publishing, 650 pp.
- Audicana, M.T., Ansotegui, I.J., De Cores, L.F., Kennedy, M.W. (2002): Anisakis simplex: dangerous-dead and alive. Trends Parasitol., 18(1): 20–25. DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02152-3
- Audicana, M.T., Kennedy, M.W. (2008): Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 21: 360–379. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00012-07
- Buchmann, K. (2007): An introduction to fish parasitological Methods: Classical and molecular techniques. Biofolia, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 130 pp.
- Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E., Gusev, A.V., Dubinia, M.N., Izyumova, N.A., Smirnova, T.S., Sokolovskaya, I.L., Shtein, G.A., Shuĺman, S.S., Epshtein, V.M. (1962): Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the U. S. S. R, Akad. Nauk, S. S. S. R., Moscow, 727 pp. (In Russian)
- D’amelio, S., Barros, N. B., Ingrosso, S., Fauquier, D. A., Russo, R., Paggi, L. (2007): Genetic characterization of members of the genus Contracaecum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from fish-eating birds from west central Florida, U.S.A., with evidence of new species. Parasitology, 134: 1041–1051. DOI: 10.1017/S003118200700251X
- D’amelio, S., Nascetti, G., Mattiucci, S., Cianchi, R., Orecchia, P., Paggi, L., Berland, B., Bullini, L. (1990): Ricerche electroforetiche su alcune specie del genere Contracaecum, parassiti di uccelli it-tiofagi (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) [Electrophoretic research on some species of the genus Contracaecum, parasites of ichthyophagous birds (Ascaridida: Anisakidae)]. Parassitologia, 32(Supplement 1):77 (In Italian)
- D’amelio, S., Cavallero, S., Dronen, N.O., Barros, N.B., Paggi, L. (2012): Two new species of Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 (Nematoda: Anisakidae), C. fagerholmi n. sp. and C. rudolphii F from the brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Syst. Parasitol., 81: 1–16. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-011-9323-x
- Froese, R., Pauly, D. (2019): FishBase. World web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (3/6/2019)
- Garbin, L.E., Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Diaz, J.I., Nascetti, G., Navone, G.T. (2013): Molecular identification and larval morphological description of Contracaecum pelagicum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the anchovy Engraulis anchoita (Engraulidae) and fish-eating birds from the Argentine North Patagonian Sea. Parasitol. Int., 62: 309–319. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.03.001
- Habish, A.H. (1977): Ecological and biological studies on the larval nematode, Contracaecum sp. a parasite of the fishes in Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Iraq, Basrah, University of Basrah
- Herzog, P.H. (1969): Untersuchungen über die parasiten der süßwasserfische des Irak [Investigations into the parasites of the freshwater fish of Iraq]. Arch. Fischereiwiss., 20(2/3): 132–147 (In German)
- Hoffmann, G.L. (1998): Parasites of North American freshwater fishes, 2nd edn. Cornell Univ. Press, London, 539 pp.
- Jacobs, D.E., Zhu, X.Q., Gasser, R.B., Chilton, N.B. (1997): PCR-based methods for identification of potentially zoonotic ascaridoid parasites of the dog, fox and cat. Acta Trop., 68: 191–200. DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(97)00093-4
- Kalifa, A. K., Hassan, F. K., Atiah, H. H., Latif, B. M.A. (1987): Parasitic infestation of fishes in Iraq waters. Iraq. J. Biol. Sci., 6(1): 58–63
- Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., Tamura, K. (2018): MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol., 35: 1547–1549. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy096
- Li, A.X., D’amelio, S., Paggi, L., He, F., Gasser, R.B., Lun, Z.R., Abollo, E., Turchetto, M., Zhu, X.Q. (2005): Genetic evidence for the existence of sibling species within Contracaecum rudolphii (Hartwich, 1964) and the validity of Contracaecum septentrionale (Kreis, 1955) (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Parasitol. Res., 96: 361–366. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1366-y
- Malviya, S., Jaiswal, N., Malhotra, S.K. (2018): Molecular diagnostic procedures using RT-PCR to alleviate taxonomic impediments of parasite species segregation. MOJ. Proteomics Bioinform., 7(1): 53–56. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2018.07.00213
- Margolis, L., Esch, G.W., Holmes, J.C., Kuris, A. M., Schad, G.A. (1982): The use of ecological terms in parasitology (Report of an adhoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). J. Parasitol., 68(1): 131–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3281335Mattiucci, S., Cipriani, P., Paoleti, M., Nardi, V., Santoro, M., Bellisario, B., Nascetti, G. (2015): Temporal stability of parasite distribution and genetic variability values of Contracaecum osculatum sp. D and C. osculatum sp. E (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from fish of the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites and Wildlife 4: 356–367. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.004
- Mattiucci, S., Nascetti, G. (2008): Advances and trends in the molecular systematics of anisakid nematodes, with implications for their evolutionary ecology and host-parasite co-evolutionary processes. Adv. Parasitol., 66: 47–148. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00202-9
- Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Olivero-Verbel, J., Baldiris, R., Arroyo-Salgado, B., Garbin, L., Navone, G., Nascetti, G. (2008): Contracaecum bioccai n. sp. from the brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis (L.) in Colombia (Nematoda: Anisakidae): morphology, molecular evidence and its genetic relationship with congeners from fish-eating birds. Syst. Parasitol., 69(2): 101–121. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-007-9116-4
- Mattiucci, S, Paoletti, M, Solorzano, A. C., Nascetti, G. (2010): Contracaecum gibsoni n. sp. and C. overstreeti n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus (L.) in Greek waters: genetic and morphological evidence. Syst. Parasitol., 75: 207–224. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-009-9220-8
- Mhaisen, F.T. (1986): Records of some fish parasites from Shatt Al-Arab River and the north west of the Arab Gulf. Bull. Basrah. Nat. Hal. Mus., 6: 111–124
- Mhaisen, F.T. (2019): Checklists of Parasites of Fishes of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Biol. Appl. Environ. Res., 3(2): 152–167
- Mhaisen, F.T., Abdullah, S.M.A. (2017): Parasites of Fishes of Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Checklists. Biol. Appl. Environ. Res 1(2): 131–218
- Molnár, K., Székely, C., Baska, F., Müller, T., Zuo, S., Kania, P. W., Nowak, B., Buchmann, K. (2019): Differential survival of 3rd stage larvae of Contracaecum rudolphii type B infecting common bream (Abramis brama) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Parasitol. Res., 1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06441-4
- Moravec, F. (1994): Parasitic nematodes of freshwater fishes of Europe. Academia, Praha, 473 pp.
- Moravec, F. (2009): Experimental studies on the development of Contracaecum rudolphii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in copepod and fish paratenic hosts. Folia Parasitologica, 56(3): 185–193. DOI: DOI: 10.14411/fp.2009.023
- Moravec, F., Saraiva, A., Abdullah, S.M.A., Bilal, S.J., Rahemo, Z.I.F. (2009): Two species of Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) parasitising cyprinid fishes in Iraq, with a redescription of R. tigridis Rahemo, 1978 (emend.). Syst. Parasitol., 74: 125–135. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-009-9196-4
- Moravec, F., Yooyen, T. (2011): Two new species of Rhabdochona (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from freshwater fishes in Thailand. Folia Parasitol., 58(3): 224–232. DOI: 10.14411/fp.2011.021
- Nadler, S.A., Hudspeth, D.S. (2000): Phylogeny of the Ascaridoidea (Nematoda: Ascaridida) based on three genes and morphology: hypotheses of structural and sequence evolution. J. Parasitol., 86: 380–393. DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0380:POTANA]2.0.CO;2
- Norris, D.E., Overstreet, R.M. (1976): The public health implication of larval Thynnascaris nematodes from shellfish. J. Milk Food Technol., 39: 47–54
- Oshima, T. (1987): Anisakiasis-Is the Sushi Bar Guilty. Parasitol. Today, 3: 44–48. DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(87)90212-2
- Pekmezci, G. Z., Yardimci, B. (2019): On the occurrence and molecular identification of Contracaecum larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Mugil cephalus from Turkish waters. Parasitol. Res., 1–10. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06278-x
- Rahemo, Z.I.F., Nawab Al-Din, F. (2009): Morphological observation at SEM on three species of nematodes from Iraqi fishes. J. Kirkuk Univ. Sci. Stud., 1st Sci. Conf. Pure Sci., (Proceeding part 3. Biology), February 24–25, 2009. Kirkuk, Iraq: University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq, 2009, pp. 13–21
- Shamsi, S. (2019): Parasite loss or parasite gain? Story of Contracaecum nematodes in antipodean waters. Parasite Epidemiol. Control. 3 (2019) e00087. DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00087
- Shamsi, S., Aghazadeh-Meshgi, M. (2011): Morphological and genetic characterisation of selected Contracaecum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae in Iran. Iran. J. Fish. Sci., 10(2): 356–361
- Shamsi, S., Gasser, R., Beveridge, I., Shabani, A.A. (2008): Contracaecum pyripapillatum n. sp. and a description of C. multipapillatum (von Drasche, 1882) from the Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus Parasitol. Res., 103: 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1007/ s00436-008-1088-z
- Shamsi, S., Gasser, R., Beveridge, I. (2011): Mutation scanning coupled sequencing of nuclear ribosomal DNA spacers as a tool for the specific identification of different contracaecum (nematoda: Anisakidae) larval types. Mol. Cell. Probes, 25(1): 13–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.09.003
- Shamsi, S., Norman, R., Gasser, R., Beveridge, I. (2009): Genetic and morphological evidences for the existence of sibling species within Contracaecum rudolphii (Hartwich, 1964) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Australia. Parasitol Res., 105: 529–538. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1424-y
- Shamsi, S., Suthar, J. (2016): A revised method of examining fish for infection with zoonotic nematode larvae. Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 227: 13–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.023
- Shamsi, S., Turner, A., Wassens, S. (2017): Description and genetic characterization of a new Contracaecum larval type (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Australia. J. Helminthol., 1–7. DOI: 10.1017/ S0022149X17000360
- Shamsuddin, M., Nader, I.A., Al-Azzawi, M.J. (1971): Parasites of common fishes from Iraq with special reference to larval form of Contracaecum (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae). Bull. Biol. Res. Centre. Baghdad, 5: 66–78.
- Szostakowska, B., Fagerholm, H.P. (2007): Molecular identification of two strains of third-stage larvae of Contracaecum rudolphii sensu lato (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from fish in Poland. J. Parasitol., 93(4): 961–964. DOI: 10.1645/GE-1100R.1
- Tamura, K., Nei, M. (1993): Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol., 10: 512–526. DOI: 10.1093/ oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023
- Whitfield, A.K., Heeg, J. (1977): On the life cycles of the cestode Ptychobothrium belones and nematodes of the genus Contracaecum from Lake St. Lucia, Zululand. South Afr. J. Sci., 73: 121–122.
- Yagi, K., Nagasawa, K., Ishikura, H., Nakagawa, A., Sato, N., Kikuchi, K., Ishikura, H. (1996): Female worm Hysterothylacium aduncum excreted from human: A case report., Jap. J. Parasitol., 45(1): 12–23
- Younis, A.E., Sad, A.I., Rabei, J.M. (2017): The occurrence of Contracaecum sp. Larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in four teleostean species from Lake Nasser, Egypt: morphological and molecular studies. J. Basic Appl. Zool., 78(9): 1–13. DOI: 10.1186/s41936-017-0012-4
- Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Lin, R., Huang, M., Song, H., Zhu, X. (2009): Molecular identification of Contracaecum rudolphii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Phalacrocorax carbosinensis in Guangzhou zoo. J. Trop. Med. (Guangzhou), 9(1): 1–3
- Zhu, X.Q., D’amelio, S., Hu, M., Paggi, L., Gasser, R.B. (2001): Electrophoretic detection of population variation within Contracaecum ogmorhini (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae). Electrophoresis., 22: 1930–1934. DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<1930::AID-ELPS1930>3.0.CO;2-Z
- Zhu, X.Q., D’amelio, S., Paggi, L., Gasser, R.B. (2000): Assessing sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA within and among members of the Contracaecum osculatum complex (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae). Parasitol Res., 86: 677–683. DOI: 10.1007/pl00008551
- Zhu, X.Q., D’amelio, S., Palm, H.W., Paggi, L., George-Nascimento, M., Gasser, R.B. (2002): SSCP-based identification of members within the Pseudoterranova decipiens complex (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) using genetic markers in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA. Parasitology, 124: 615–623. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182002001579
- Zuo, S., Kania, P.W., Mehrdana, F., Marana, M.H., Buchmann, K. (2018): Contracaecum osculatum and other anisakid nematodes in grey seals and cod in the Baltic Sea: molecular and ecological links. J. Helminthol., 92: 81–89. DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X17000025