Fig. 1
Map of north Iraq showing the study area.
Table 1
Prevalence of Contracaecum larva and mean of intensity among infected fish species.
| Examined | Infected | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthobrama marmid | 20 | 7 | 35.00 | 5.57 |
| Arabibarbus grypus | 123 | 1 | 0.81 | 7.00 |
| Capoeta trutta | 222 | 2 | 0.90 | 3.00 |
| Carasobarbus luteus | 89 | 4 | 4.49 | 4.25 |
| Chondrostoma regium | 52 | 3 | 5.76 | 9.00 |
Fig. 2
Photo micrograph of Contracaecum larva in Carasobarbus luteus. A - Anterior region of the larva (I00×); B - Posterior region of the larva (I00×); C - Mouth region of the larva (400×); D - Tail region of the larva (400×) an = anus; bt = boring tooth; er = cuticle ridges; eso = esophagus; esoc = esophageal caecum; int = intestine; intc = intestinal caecum; mo = mouth opening; p = papillae; rec = rectum; ta = tail.
Table 2
Comparison of measurements in Contracaecum larvae in different infected fish species in the present study (in millimeter).
| Host | Total length | Maximum width | Tail length | Rectum length | Boring teeth length | Esophagus length | Esophageal caeca length | Intestinal caeca length |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. marmid | 4.10 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.005 | 0.480 | 0.50 | 0.38 |
| A. grypus | 5.07 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.010 | 0.650 | 0.30 | 0.20 |
| C. trutta | 4.20 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.005 | 0.450 | 0.48 | 0.33 |
| C. luteus | 4.62 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.005 | 0.600 | 0.55 | 0.40 |
| C. regium | 7.75 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.010 | 0.600 | 0.60 | 0.45 |
Fig. 3
Scanning electron micrograph of Contracaecum larva in Carasobarbus luteus. A - Anterior region of the larva; B - Head region of the larva; C - Tail region of the larva; D - Cuticle of the larva an = anus; bt = boring tooth; cu = cuticle; exp = excretory pore; mo = mouth opening; p = papillae; ta = tail.
Table 3
Accession numbers provided by NCBI for the collected Contracaecum larvae in different fish hosts in the present study.
| Host of Contracaecum rudolphii | Accession numbers for ITS-1 sequences | Accession numbers for ITS-2 sequences | Accession numbers for COX-2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthobrama marmid | MN557376 | MN526259 | MN589997 |
| Arabibarbus grypus | MN557377 | MN563727 | MN589998 |
| Capoeta trutta | MN557378 | MN563728 | MN589999 |
| Carasobarbus luteus | MN557379 | MN563729 | MN590000 |
| Chondrostoma regium | MN557380 | MN563730 | MN590001 |
Fig. 4
Multiple sequence alignment for ITS-1 in C. rudolphii B in the five different fish species.
Fig. 5
Multiple sequence alignment for ITS-2 in C. rudolphii B in the five different fish species.
Fig. 6
Alignment of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences representing genotype 1 (C. rudolphii B) from the present study and genotype 2 (C. rudolphii A) sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers AJ634 782 and AJ634 785. Nucleotide differences between the aligned equences are indecated by having no asterisks.
Fig. 7
Phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum larvae from the present study and other Contracaecum species as inferred by maximum likelihood obtained from ITSl. Ascaris suum was used as outgroup.
Fig. 8
Phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum larvae from the present study and other Contracaecum species as inferred by maximum likelihood obtained from ITS2. Ascaris suum was used as outgroup.
Fig. 9
Phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum larvae from the present study and other Contracaecum species as inferred by maximum likelihood obtained from COX2. Ascaris suum was used as outgroup.
Table 4
Contracaecum nematodes and specimens/accession number (ITS) of taxa used to build phylogenetic trees and the nucleotide (bp) differences with the Contracaecum larvae collected from the present study.
| Parasite | GeneBank accession no. (ITS) | No. of nucleotide differences (bp) | Host | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. rudolphii A | ITS1 (AJ634782) ITS2 (AJ634785) | 9 14 | Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis | Li et al. (2005) Li et al. (2005) |
| C. rudolphii B | ITS1 (AJ634783) ITS2 (AJ634786) | 1 0 | Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Phalacrocorax carbosinensis | Zhang et al., 2009 Li et al. (2005) |
| C. rudolphii D | ITS1 (FM210251) ITS2 (FM210268) | 6 17 | Phalacrocorax varius Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis | Shamsi et al. (2009b) Shamsi et al. (2009b) |
| C. rudolphii E | ITS1 (FM210257) ITS2 (FM210271) | 6 15 | Phalacrocorax varius Phalacrocorax varius | Shamsi et al. (2009b) Shamsi et al. (2009b) |
| C. rudolphii F | ITS (JF424597) | 21 16 | Pelecanus occidentalis Pelecanus occidentalis | D'Amelio et al. (2012) D'Amelio et al. (2012) |
| C. ogmorhini | ITS1 (AJ291468) ITS2 (AJ291471) | 10 15 | Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus Zalophus californianus | Zhu et al. (2001) Zhu et al. (2001) |
| C. eudyptulae | ITS1 (AJ007461) ITS2 (FM177565) | 8 17 | - Eudyptula minor | Zhu et al.(unpublished) Shamsi et al. (2009a) |
| C. chubutensis | ITS1 (HQ389546) ITS2 (HQ389548) | 13 23 | Phalacrocorax brasilianus Phalacrocorax atriceps | Garbin et al. (2011) Garbin et al. (2011) |
| C. variegatum | ITS1 (MK424804) | 22 | Bird | Hbaiel & Mohammad (unpublished) |
| C. microcephalum | ITS2 (FM177537) ITS1 (FM177523) ITS2 (FM177527) | 14 50 72 | Anhinga melanogaster Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Phalacrocorax melanoleucos | Shamsi et al. (2009a) Shamsi et al. (2009a) Shamsi et al. (2009a) |
| C. septentrionale | ITS1 (AJ634784) ITS2 (AJ634787) | 24 35 | Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Alca torda | Li et al. (2005) Li et al. (2005) |
| C. bioccai | ITS (JF424598) | 30 40 | Pelecanus occidentalis Pelecanus occidentalis | D'Amelio et al. (2012) D'Amelio et al. (2012) |
| C. radiatum | ITS (AY603529) | 35 65 | Leptonechotes weddlli Leptonechotes weddlli | Kijewska et al. (2008) Kijewska et al. (2008) |
| C. osculatum | ITS (AB277825) | 77 105 | Arabesque greenling Arabesque greenling | Umehara et al. (2008) Umehara et al. (2008) |
| C. multipapillatum | ITS1 (AM940056) ITS2 (AM940060) | 146 132 | Pelecanus conspicillatus Pelecanus conspicillatus | Shamsi et al. (2008) Shamsi et al. (2008) |
| C. pyripapillatum | ITS1 (AM940062) ITS2 (AM940066) | 141 136 | Pelecanus conspicillatus Pelecanus conspicillatus | Shamsi et al. (2008) Shamsi et al. (2008) |
| Contracaecum larva | ITS1 (MN557376) ITS2 (MN526259) | - - | Acanthobrama marmid Acanthobrama marmid | Present study Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | ITS1 (MN557377) ITS2 (MN563727) | - - | Arabibarbus grypus Arabibarbus grypus | Present study Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | ITS1 (MN557378) ITS2 (MN563728) | - - | Capoeta trutta Capoeta trutta | Present study Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | ITS1 (MN557379) ITS2 (MN563729) | - - | Carasobarbus luteus Carasobarbus luteus | Present study Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | ITS1 (MN557380) ITS2 (MN563730) | - - | Chondrostoma regium Chondrostoma regium | Present study Present study |
| Ascaris suum | ITS1 (AB110023) ITS2 (FJ418786) | - - | Pig Pig | Ishiwata et al. (2004) Wickramasinghe et al. (2009) |
Table 5
Contracaecum nematodes and specimens/accession number (COX-2) of taxa used to build phylogenetic trees and the nucleotide (bp) differences with the Contracaecum larvae collected from the present study.
| Parasite | GeneBank accession no. (COX-2) | No. of nucleotide differences (bp) | Host | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. rudolphii A | EF122201 | 34 | Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| C. rudolphii B | EF558894 | 1 | Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| C. rudolphii C | EF014283 | 272 | Phalacrocorax auritus | D'Amelio et al. (2007) |
| C. rudolphii F | JF727879 | 40 | Pelecanus occidentalis | D'Amelio et al. (2012) |
| C. ogmorhini | MN624184 | 32 | Zalophus californianus | Mladineo et al. (under press) |
| C. chubutensis | HQ328504 | 46 | Phalacrocorax atriceps | Garbin et al. (2011) |
| C. microcephalum | EF122208 | 71 | Phalacrocorax pygmaeus | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| C. septentrionale | EF558898 | 60 | Phalacrocorax carbo carbo | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| C. bioccai | EF558899 | 50 | Pelecanus occidentalis | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| C. osculatum | KC412224 | 58 | Chionodraco hamatus | Santoro et al. (2013) |
| C. multipapillatum | AF179910 | 72 | - | Nadler & Hudspeth (2000) |
| C. micropapillatum | EU852350 | 70 | Pelecanus onocrotalus | Mattiucci et al. (2010) |
| C. austral | GQ847539 | 55 | Phalacrocorax brasilianus | Garbin et al. (2011) |
| C. pelagicum | EF122210 | 60 | Spheniscus magellanicus | Mattiucci et al. (2008) |
| Contracaecum larva | MN589997 | - | Acanthobrama marmid | Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | MN589998 | - | Arabibarbus grypus | Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | MN589999 | - | Capoeta trutta | Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | MN590000 | - | Carasobarbus luteus | Present study |
| Contracaecum larva | MN590001 | - | Chondrostoma regium | Present study |
| Ascaris suum | HQ704901 | - | swine | Liu et al. (2012) |