The effect of soil type and ecosystems on the soil nematode and microbial communities

Soil type	Location/characteristics	Ecosystem	Vegetation
	Hanušovce nad Topľou Altitude 258 – 308 m a.s.l., slope 3 – 7°	Forest 49°00.339′N, 21°31.248′E	Carpinus betulus (90 %), Pinus sylvestris (5 %), sporadically Prunus avium, Fagus sylvatica, and Betula pendula. Understory vegetation dominated by grasses Carex pilosa, Festuca drymeja, and Poa memoralis and
	Soil with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes		herbs Dentaria bulbifera and Fragaria vesca
Stagnosol	caused by stagnating surface water, The topsoil can also be completely bleached (albic horizon). A common name in many national classification systems for most Stagnosols is	Meadow 49°00.658′N, 21°30.058′E	Carex sp., Lolium perenne, Fragaria vesca, Trifolium pratense, Plantago sp. Leucanthemum sp.
	pseudogley.	Agricultural field 49°00.727′N, 21°30.344′E	Zea mays monoculture

	Tŕnie Altitude 550 – 554 m a.s.l., slope 3 – 7°	Forest 48°36.712′N, 19°01.462′E	Carpinus betulus (75 %), Quercus robur (10 %), Tilia cordata (10 %), and sporadically Prunus avium Understory herbaceous vegetation dominated by Viola reichenbachiana, Geranium robertianum,
	Soil with a beginning of soil formation. The horizon differentiation is weak. This		Asarum europaeum, Luzula sylvatica, Galium odoratum, and Hedera helix.
Cambisol	is evident from weak, mostly brownish discolouration and/or structure formation in the soil profile. Cambisols are	Meadow 48°36.683′N, 19°01.494′E	Trifolium pratense, Agrimonia eupatoria, and grasses such as Carex sp., Poa sp., Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense, Rumex acetosa
	developed in medium and fine-textured materials derived from
	a wide range of rocks, mostly in alluvial, colluvial and aeolian deposits.	Agricultural field N 48°36.660′N, E 19°01.503′E	Zea mays monoculture

	Močenok Altitude 135 – 180 m a.s.l.,	Forest 48°12.960′N,	Fraxinus excelsior (80 %), Quercus petraea (20 %), and sporadically Robinia pseudoacacia.
	slope 0 – 3° Black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus (4 % to 16 %)	17°57.854′E	Understory vegetation dominated by grasses Poa nemoralis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica uniflora, and Dactylis polygama
Chernozem	and high percentages of phosphoric cids, phosphorus, and ammonia. Chernozem is very fertile and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture storage capacity. Chernozems are also a reference soil group of the World reference	Meadow 49°00.339′N, 21°30.344′E	Carex sp., Phleum pratense, Arrhenatherum elatius, Trifolium pratense, Vicia sp., Rumex acetosa, Achillea millefolium
	base for soil resources	Agricultural field 49°00.339′N, 21°30.344′E	Zea mays monoculture

RDA triplots of the relationships of abundance of nematode functional guilds, microbial parameters, and soil properties in the forest (A), agricultural field (B), and meadow (C) ecosystems and the Stagnosol (SS), Cambisol (CC), and Chernozem (CM) soil types.

Table 2

Effects of ecosystem type (E), type of soil (S), sampling date (D), and their interactions on basic soil physical and chemical characteristics.

	Ecosystem		Soil		Date		E × S		E × D		S × D		Ecosystem			Soil			Date			E × S × D
	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	Meadow	Agricultural field	Forest	Stagnosol	Cambisol	Chernozem	May	July	Sept	F	P
pH/H₂O	28.91	< 0.01	598.43	< 0.01	2.95	ns	80.12	<0.01	2.63	<0.05	2.05	ns	5.88±0.78	5.79±0.75	5.54±1.08	4.82±0.61	5.71±0.41	6.68±0.32	5.68±0.88	5.71±0.87	5.81 ±0.92	1.08	ns
SM	60.14	< 0.01	0.99	ns	131.43	< 0.01	2.72	< 0.05	5.39	< 0.01	33.88	ns	26.33±7.28	22.14±5.14	30.78±8.64	26.15±8.96	26.93±8.85	26.15±5.75	26.68±8.04	20.52±5.47	32.10±5.3	2.53	<0.05
N	156.52	< 0.01	122.56	< 0.01	0.15	ns	11.22	< 0.01	0.29	ns	2.60	ns	0.377±0.10	0.205±0.07	0.395±0.13	0.244±0.06	0.300±0.09	0.434±0.15	0.326±0.12	0.321±0.12	0.331±0.16	1.36	ns
C	275.46	< 0.01	140.58	< 0.01	0.08	ns	6.33	< 0.01	0.41	ns	1.89	ns	3.588±1.05	1.955±0.85	4.395±1.28	2.429±0.84	3.127±1.321	4.382±1.48	3.298±1.38	3.271±1.40	3.369±1.64	1.87	ns
S	32.62	< 0.01	51.84	< 0.01	2.11	ns	10.39	< 0.01	4.79	< 0.01	3.75	ns	0.071±0.02	0.048±0.01	0.070±0.02	0.049±0.02	0.060±0.01	0.082±0.02	0.067±0.03	0.060±0.18	0.063±0.02	2.71	<0.01
C/N	171.64	< 0.01	7.51	< 0.01	1.81	ns	49.09	< 0.01	1.86	ns	1.21	ns	9.49±0.54	9.35±0.98	11.28±1.06	9.86±1.70	10.08±1.21	10.18±0.56	9.95±1.32	10.04±1.24	10.14±1.16	1.80	ns

[i] E: meadow, agriculture and forest; S: Stagnosol, Cambisol and Chernozem; D: May, July, and September

pH/H₂O, acidity; SM, soil moisture content N, total nitrogen content C, organic carbon content S, total sulphur content; C/N, carbon to nitrogen ratio. The means ±SEs of nematode abundance for the three ecosystems, soil types, and sampling dates are shown.

Table 3

Effects of ecosystem type (E), type of soil (S), sampling date (D), and their interactions on nematode abundance, functional guilds and microbial communities.

	Ecosystem		Soil		Date		E × S		E x D		S :D x		Ecosystem			Soil			Date			E × S × D
	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	Meadow	Agricultural field	Forest	Stagnosol	Cambisol	Chernozem	May	July	Sept	F	P
Nabund	2.36	ns	92.49	< 0.01	15.04	< 0.01	37.97	< 0.01	5.57	< 0.01	1.63	ns	479.8±119.8	540.1±322.5	451.8±169.5	351.6±150.1	435.8±104.9	671.3±260.3	549.2±276.3	418.1±165.9	504.1±201.8	1.59	ns
Nspec	5.69	< 0.01	4.87	<0.01	0.88	ns	12.45	< 0.01	1.98	ns	2.98	ns	33.2±5.7	25.2±6.2	37.1±4.1	24.1±5.8	32.5±6.3	38.5±7.5	33.0±7.7	29.0±11	31.7±8.4	1.12	ns
Ba1	6.19	< 0.01	85.42	<0.01	1.24	ns	21.63	< 0.01	1.78	ns	1.76	ns	10.9±11.1	38.6±43.9	22.18±21.8	4.2±5.8	41.9±41.6	25.6±20.7	22.6±30.4	21.1±25.6	28.1±36.3	0.97	ns
Ba2	5.49	< 0.01	12.36	<0.01	11.48	< 0.01	35.72	< 0.01	6.11	< 0.01	2.44	ns	159.4±80.3	181.8±118.6	190.8±84.5	145.8±87.3	150.3±52.0	214.6±122.0	207.8±117.8	147.2±75.4	165.8±81.2	1.70	ns
Ba3	39.96	< 0.01	117.06	<0.01	2.9	ns	29.93	< 0.01	1.24	ns	3.98	ns	2.3±5.0	0.0±0.0	3.1±5.5	0.0±0.0	0.2±0.7	5.11±6.5	1.0±2.6	2.9±6.4	1.4±3.3	2.12	ns
Ba4	5.82	< 0.01	28.8	<0.01	0.07	ns	1.9	ns	0.69	ns	0.77	ns	3.7±7.2	1.5±3.6	2.9±4.0	0.9±1.6	0.6±1.3	6.6±7.5	2.9±6.3	2.5±4.8	2.7±4.7	0.83	ns
Ca3	15.89	< 0.01	24.98	<0.01	0.67	ns	7.47	< 0.01	0.47	ns	0.27	ns	1.0±1.7	0.0±0.0	0.6±1.2	0.0 ±0.0	0.3±0.9	1.3±1.8	0.4±1.2	0.6±1.4	0.5±1.3	0.22	ns
Ca4	45.67	< 0.01	63.63	<0.01	0.08	ns	31.3	< 0.01	0.23	ns	0.14	ns	3.9±3.9	1.8±3.5	10.4±9.7	1.0±2.2	7.0±7.6	8.1±8.4	5.1±6.8	5.8±8.3	5.2±6.9	0.80	ns
Ca5	11.63	< 0.01	11.63	<0.01	1.22	ns	11.63	< 0.01	1.22	ns	1.22	ns	0.0±0.0	0.6±1.6	0.0±0.0	0.6±1.6	0.0±0.0	0.0±0.0	0.2±0.9	0.3±1.3	0.1 ±0.4	1.22	ns
Fu2	7.03	< 0.01	50.64	<0.01	3.42	< 0.05	30.43	< 0.01	6.69	< 0.01	1.42	ns	97.8±34.7	155.6±156.7	87.5±52.6	68.1±38.5	90.1±40.4	182.7±143.5	122.4±127.5	92.2±126.2	126.2±104.5	1.42	ns
Fu3	4.06	< 0.05	4.06	<0.05	0.79	ns	7.88	< 0.01	0.57	ns	0.57	ns	1.4±4.5	0.0±0.0	0.3±1.2	0.3±1.2	0.0±0.0	1.4±4.5	0.5±0.3	0.5±1.2	0.8±2.7	0.68	ns
Fu4	29.26	< 0.01	18.65	< 0.01	0.18	ns	14.74	< 0.01	1.20	ns	0.90	ns	3.7±4.9	0.0±0.0	5.3±9.3	1.9±4.4	0.9±2.2	6.2±9.2	3.6±8.3	2.8±5.4	2.5±5.3	0.89	ns
Om4	4.24	< 0.05	43.16	< 0.01	2.41	ns	10.80	< 0.01	0.62	ns	1.13	ns	31.2±29.8	21.7±19.0	41.0±37.0	16.0±16.8	35.8±22.2	52.1 ±35.1	41.5±37.2	33.2±25.2	29.3±24.0	0.55	ns
Om5	5.32	< 0.05	22.74	< 0.01	0.94	ns	4.84	< 0.01	0.65	ns	2.36	ns	19.8±7.4	8.7±12.1	15.4±13.2	8.2±9.1	8.6±5.3	20.1±13.7	12.8±10.3	12.5±14.2	11.7±9.1	1.87	ns
Pp2	19.66	< 0.01	1.02	ns	6.47	< 0.01	9.28	< 0.01	1.03	ns	2.55	ns	62.4±42.9	54.8±47.0	25.3±20.1	46.7±46.9	43.3±29.1	52.4±46.3	49.4±33.9	33.0±27.5	59.9±54.4	2.55	ns
Pp3	27.71	< 0.01	24.21	< 0.01	0.11	ns	14.19	< 0.01	0.75	ns	5.04	< 0.01	74.9±43.3	57.8±39.2	28.1±24.5	36.6±36.2	49.2±30.5	74.7±46.3	58.4±46.8	49.1±34.6	52.9±41.5	2.38	ns
Pp5	3.46	< 0.05	3.78	<0.05	0.59	ns	7.78	< 0.01	0.37	ns	0.37	ns	0.27±0.95	0.0±0.0	0.5±1.3	0.3±0.9	0.0±0.0	0.5±1.3	0.4±1.2	0.2±0.8	0.2±0.8	0.48	ns
Cmic	175.55	< 0.01	295.91	<0.01	2.84	ns	5.02	< 0.01	0.69	ns	2.64	<0.05	335.2±118.3	207.9±91.5	400.1±145.5	183.0±65.9	325.9±119.4	434.4±109.2	316.0±129.1	300.4±143.4	326.8±157.8	19.0	ns
Richn	3.60	< 0.05	50.90	<0.01	11.28	< 0.01	1.88	ns	0.68	ns	14.01	< 0.01	26.2±2.39	25.5±1.86	26.5±2.93	24.2±2.3	26.8±1.96	27.2±1.9	25.8±1.8	26.9±1.9	25.5±3.2	3.19	< 0.01
Diver	3.15	<0.05	53.52	<0.01	0.69	ns	1.96	ns	2.24	ns	4.69	< 0.01	14.51±2.6	13.85±2.4	14.9±3.0	12.1 ±2.9	15.6±2.3	15.6±2.4	14.2±2.1	14.7±2.7	14.5±3.2	34.2	< 0.01
E: meadow, agriculture and forest; S: Stagnosol, Cambisol and Chernozem; D: May, July, and September

[i] Ba_1,2,3,4, bacterivores; Fu_2,3,4, fungivores; Ca_3,4,5, carnivores; Om_4,5, omnivores; Pp_2,3,5, plant parasites; Nabund, meannematode abundance/100 g dry soil, Nspec, mean nematode species number/100 g dry soil; Cmic, microbial biomass carbon content; Richn, richness of microbial functional groups; Diver, diversity of microbial functional groups. The means ±SEs of nematode abundance for the three ecosystems, soil types, and sampling dates are shown.

Table 4

Effects of ecosystem type (E), type of soil (S), sampling date (D), and their interactions on nematode trophic-web descriptors.

	Ecosystem		Soil		Date		E × S		E × D		S × D		Ecosystem			Soil			Date			E × S × D
	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	Meadow	Agricultural field	Forest	Stagnosol	Cambisol	Chernozem	May	July	Sept	F	P
MI	18.86	< 0.01	21.28	<0.01	5.56	< 0.01	44.11	< 0.01	4.22	< 0.01	2.04	<0.05	2.32±0.19	2.21±0.23	2.37±0.23	2.25±0.20	2.24±0.23	2.41±0.23	2.33±0.25	2.32±0.24	2.24±0.19	1.83	<0.05
ΣMI	11.34	< 0.01	25.74	< 0.01	3.89	< 0.05	28.66	< 0.01	2.27	ns	0.95	ns	2.38±0.17	2.28±0.16	2.39±0.21	2.28±0.15	2.30±0.15	2.45±0.20	2.35±0.22	2.38±0.18	2.31 ±0.16	1.46	ns
PPI	0.70	ns	16.05	< 0.01	7.03	< 0.01	8.30	< 0.01	2.24	ns	6.25	< 0.01	2.5±0.20	2.53±0.22	2.51±0.26	2.43±0.24	2.53±0.20	2.62±0.20	2.59±0.23	2.60±0.21	2.38±0.22	6.41	< 0.01
H'	125.08	< 0.01	87.76	< 0.01	0.73	ns	22.99	< 0.01	0.99	ns	2.50	<0.05	2.91 ±0.22	2.60±0.15	3.02±0.29	2.64±0.18	2.88±0.25	3.01±0.30	2.82±0.26	2.85±0.28	2.86±0.33	2.67	<0.05
EI	4.52	< 0.05	9.05	< 0.01	1.46	ns	14.80	< 0.01	0.76	ns	2.32	ns	41.3±9.9	46.7±12.4	46.2±11.3	38.9±5.6	47.8±14.8	47.1±10.5	42.3±9.4	46.3±13.2	45.3±11.8	4.70	< 0.01
SI	4.53	< 0.05	61.88	< 0.01	1.78	ns	25.55	< 0.01	6.20	< 0.01	3.60	<0.01	44.3±18.4	41.0±13.3	49.2±18.4	30.7±12.1	50.5±10.8	53.2±18.2	44.5±19.4	47.1±16.5	42.9±15.7	2.06	<0.05
CI	53.82	< 0.01	61.48	< 0.01	0.11	ns	182.05	< 0.01	13.74	<0.01	3.14	<0.05	68.5±16.8	57.9±30.1	52.7±16.3	64.4±18.9	52.7±28.8	61.9±18.4	60.1±23.8	61.6±24.9	57.5±20.3	15.57	<0.01
NCR	7.77	< 0.01	34.25	< 0.01	5.17	< 0.01	42.19	<0.01	6.01	<0.01	1.88	ns	0.65±0.12	0.63±0.16	0.69±0.13	0.69±0.14	0.70±0.12	0.57±0.12	0.69±0.12	0.65±0.13	0.64±0.16	4.02	< 0.01
TD	19.17	< 0.01	15.09	< 0.01	0.009	ns	16.81	<0.01	1.75	ns	1.15	ns	12.2±2.4	10.5±4.2	14.7±2.1	10.5±3.2	13.2±1.9	13.7±2.4	12.3±0.8	12.5±0.7	12.9±0.7	1.34	ns

[i] E: meadow, agriculture and forest; S: Stagnosol, Cambisol and Chernozem; D: May, July, and September

MI, maturity index; ΣMI, sigma maturity index; PPI, plant parasitic index; H´, Shannon diversity index; EI, enrichment index; SI, structure index; CI, channel index; NCR, nematode channel ratio; TD, trophic diversity. The means ±SEs of the nematode-community descriptors for the three ecosystems, soil types, and sampling dates are shown

Table 5

Spearman´s rank correlation coefficients between nematode abundance, species number, functional guild, microbial parameters and soil properties.

	pH/H₂O	SM	N	C	S	C/N
Nabund	0.35**	0.68***	0.42***	0.29**	ns	ns
Nspec	0.22*	ns	0.31*	0.37***	ns	ns
Ba₁	0.44**	ns	0.25***	0.22*	0.31***	ns
Ba₂	ns	-0.23***	ns	ns	ns	ns
Ba₃	0.54***	0.26*	0.44***	0.41***	0.42***	0.21*
Ba₄	0.43***	ns	0.30***	0.29***	0.30***	ns
Ca₃	0.44***	0.46***	0.39***	0.40***	0.39***	0.33***
Ca₄	0.41***	ns	0.21*	0.22*	0.22**	0.21**
Ca₅	ns	0.41***	0.35*	ns	0.36*	0.26*
Fu₂	0.55***	ns	0.35***	0.29**	0.37***	ns
Fu₃	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Fu₄	0.39***	0.37***	0.29***	0.26**	0.27**	ns
Om₄	0.42***	ns	ns	ns	0.33**	ns
Om₅	0.38***	ns	0.21*	ns	0.23**	ns
Pp₂	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	-0.27***
Pp₃	0.47***	0.24***	ns	ns	ns	ns
Pp₅	0.39***	0.37***	0.28***	0.28***	0.29**	0.38***
Cmic	0.70***	0.39***	0.90***	0.91***	0.83***	0.51***
Richn	0.46***	ns	0.47***	0.45***	0.53***	ns
Diver	0.47***	ns	0.40***	0.38***	0.50***	ns

Ba_1,2,3,4, bacteriovores; Fu_2,3,4, fungivores; Ca_3,4,5, carnivores; Om_4,5, omnivores; Pp_2,3,5, plant parasites; Cmic, microbial biomass carbon content; Richn, richness of microbial functional groups; Diver, diversity of microbial functional groups; pH/H₂O, acidity; SM, soil moisture content; N, total nitrogen content; C, organic carbon content; S, total sulphur content; C/N, carbon to nitrogen ratio

** P<0.01;