Figure 1.
The study evaluated different levels of hypergravity intensities on root, shoot, and seedling vigor index of sorghum seedlings under laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) Visual representation of qualitative root and shoot phenotype responses to 20, 40, 80, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000-times gravity (g) for a set period of one hour was provided. (b) Variability (shown in red box plot) in the shoot length phenotype among the ten treatments was analyzed. (c) Variability (shown in green box plot) among the ten treatments for root length phenotype was examined. (d) Variability (shown in orange box plot) among the 10 treatments for total seedling length. (e) Variability (illustrated in pink box plot) in the seedling vigor index among the ten treatments was also analyzed. In each test group, 30 seedlings were utilized in triplicates, and such four independent experiments were employed for statistical analysis. The resultant data underwent one-way ANOVA using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 2.
The varied response observed among different sorghum genotypes to hypergravity was examined in laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) A qualitative depiction of hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) increased root and shoot length phenotypes at the seedling stage were documented on the final count (10th day) of nine different genotypes of sorghum seedlings. Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length (b), root length (c), and seedling vigor index (d) of different genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=360] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 3.
Changes in seedling growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes were examined under greenhouse conditions. (a) A hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) enhanced seedling growth phenotype was recorded at the seedling growth stage (10th day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse. Hypergravity-induced changes in shoot length (b), root length (c), seedling vigor index (d), seedling fresh weight (e), and seedling dry weight (f) of selected genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=96] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 4.
(a) Phenotypic changes were observed at the 55-day-old vegetative growth stage of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions. (b) Hypergravity-induced alterations in root length, (c) root volume, (d) root fresh weight, (e) root dry weight, and (f) secondary roots were analyzed. (g) Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length, and (h) shoot dry weight were also assessed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=48] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Table 1.
Physio-biochemical screening of selected sorghum genotypes. Total chlorophyll content was quantified in leaf tissue; EC and TDH activity were quantified in seeds; catalase and SOD enzyme activities were quantified in seedlings. All biochemical assays were carried out in three replications and four independent experiments were used for an independent variable ‘T’ test analysis using SPSS – version 20.00 (T–tab. 4.303)
| Genotypes/parameters | Ctr (1g) | 1000g 1 hr. | % change over control | p-value | t-stat. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SEM | Mean ± SEM | ||||
| Total chlorophyll content (mg g−1 of tissue) | |||||
| M35-1 | 2.20 ± 0.19 | 2.76 ± 0.04 | 25.87 | 0.017* | 5.68 |
| SPV2217 | 2.36 ± 0.07 | 2.67 ± 0.09 | 13.13 | 0.038* | 4.80 |
| IS18551 | 2.70 ± 0.11 | 3.05 ± 0.08 | 12.19 | 0.023* | 8.87 |
| Electrical conductivity (dS/m) | |||||
| M35–1 | 0.29 ± 0.003 | 0.28 ± 0.080 | −2.55 | 0.538 NS | 0.70 |
| SPV2217 | 0.36 ± 0.010 | 0.33 ± 0.005 | −10.23 | 0.113 NS | 2.34 |
| IS18551 | 0.23 ± 0.010 | 0.21 ± 0.005 | −10.56 | 0.221 NS | 1.54 |
| Total dehydrogenase (TDH) | |||||
| M35-1 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 21.91 | 0.010* | 8.80 |
| SPV2217 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 16.87 | 0.030* | 6.19 |
| IS18551 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 14.71 | 0.020* | 9.20 |
| Catalase (U/ml of enzyme) of genotype M35-1 | |||||
| Root | 5.867 ± 0.057 | 7.32 ± 0.168 | 24.76 | 0.008* | 8.18 |
| Shoot | 5.65 ± 0.172 | 6.03 ± 0.245 | 6.72 | 0.282NS | 1.26 |
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/ml of enzyme) of genotype M35-1 | |||||
| Root | 1.41 ± 0.40 | 1.75 ± 0.071 | 24.11 | 0.023* | 4.30 |
| Shoot | 2.08 ± 0.043 | 2.13 ± 0.08 | 2.4 | 0.589 NS | 0.60 |
Figure 5.
Hypergravity induces dynamic changes in phytohormone levels in the roots of sorghum seedlings, as profiled on the 10th day after exposure. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 6.
Qualitative image of nine different sorghum genotypes used for this study.
Supplementary Table 1.
Varied hypergravity intensities evaluated for root, shoot, and seedling vigor index of sorghum seedlings in laboratory conditions. In each test group (Control, 20, 40, 80, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000g), four independent experimental groups of 30 seedlings in triplicate (30×3 = 90; 90×4 experiments = 360) were used for statistical analysis. Resultant data was subjected to one-way ANOVA using SPSS – version 20.00.
| Hyper g treatment | Mean ± SEM | % change over control | p-value | Cal. F | CD (5 %) | CV (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germination (%) | ||||||
| Ctr (1g) | 90.75±0.85 | - | - | 4.20 | 3.15 | 2.37 |
| 20g 1 hr | 90.75±1.43 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |||
| 40g 1 hr | 90.75±1.25 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |||
| 80g 1 hr | 94.75±0.25 | 4.41 | 0.221 | |||
| 100g 1 hr | 87.75±0.25 | −3.31 | 0.592 | |||
| 250g 1 hr | 89.75±0.25 | −1.10 | 0.999 | |||
| 500g 1 hr | 92.5±0.64 | 1.93 | 0.970 | |||
| 1000g 1 hr | 94.75±1.25 | 4.41 | 0.221 | |||
| 2500g 1 hr | 91.5±1.71 | 0.83 | 1.000 | |||
| 5000g 1 hr | 93.5±1.26 | 3.03 | 0.699 | |||
| Shoot length (cm) | ||||||
| Ctr (1g) | 12.52±0.04 | - | - | 41.92 | 0.43 | 2.26 |
| 20g 1 hr | 12.96±0.08 | 3.51 | 0.491 | |||
| 40g 1 hr | 11.77±0.04 | −5.99 | 0.024 | |||
| 80g 1 hr | 12.99±0.12 | 3.77 | 0.394 | |||
| 100g 1 hr | 13.28±0.04 | 6.07 | 0.211 | |||
| 250g 1 hr | 13.07±0.08 | 4.43 | 0.200 | |||
| 500g 1 hr | 12.47±0.05 | −0.34 | 1.000 | |||
| 1000g 1 hr | 15.32±0.17 | 22.38 | 0.011 | |||
| 2500g 1 hr | 12.27±0.07 | −2.00 | 0.959 | |||
| 5000g 1 hr | 13.29±0.03 | 6.15 | 0.239 | |||
| Root length (cm) | ||||||
| Ctr (1g) | 19.53±0.35 | - | - | 15.67 | 1.08 | 3.61 |
| 20g 1 hr | 21.56±0.37 | 6.58 | 0.230 | |||
| 40g 1 hr | 21.17±0.39 | 8.42 | 0.101 | |||
| 80g 1 hr | 19.71±0.26 | 0.92 | 1.000 | |||
| 100g 1 hr | 20.05±0.44 | 2.70 | 0.992 | |||
| 250g 1 hr | 19.59±0.64 | 0.31 | 1.000 | |||
| 500g 1 hr | 19.03±0.54 | −2.56 | 0.994 | |||
| 1000g 1 hr | 23.97±0.31 | 22.75 | 0.023 | |||
| 2500g 1 hr | 19.61±0.34 | 0.41 | 1.000 | |||
| 5000g 1 hr | 20.95±0.27 | 7.30 | 0.247 | |||
| Seedling vigour index | ||||||
| Ctr (1g) | 2918.0±22.13 | - | - | 22.35 | 138.94 | 3.15 |
| 20g 1 hr | 3043.0±41.23 | 4.28 | 0.171 | |||
| 40g 1 hr | 2914.7±7.57 | −0.11 | 1.000 | |||
| 80g 1 hr | 3099.5±35.74 | 6.22 | 0.063 | |||
| 100g 1 hr | 2850.7±40.23 | −2.30 | 0.973 | |||
| 250g 1 hr | 2980.5±20.43 | 2.14 | 0.974 | |||
| 500g 1 hr | 2963.7±40.38 | 1.57 | 1.000 | |||
| 1000g 1 hr | 3638.7±58.45 | 24.70 | 0.001 | |||
| 2500g 1 hr | 2906.7±37.45 | −0.39 | 1.000 | |||
| 5000g 1 hr | 3117.7±27.98 | 6.85 | 0.059 | |||
Supplementary Table 2.
Response of different sorghum genotypes to hypergravity under laboratory conditions using between-paper-method. Hypergravity-induced changes in germination, root, length, shoot, and seedling vigor index in different genotypes of sorghum seedlings were recorded on the final count (day 10) of 9 different genotypes of sorghum seedlings. Resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test (four independent experimental groups of 30 seedlings in triplicate (30×3 = 90; 90×4 experiments = 360)) using SPSS – version 20.00.
| Genotypes | Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM | 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM | % change over control | p-value | t-stat. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germination (%) | |||||
| SPV2217 | 91.5 ± 2.33 | 92.25 ± 2.18 | 0.82 | 0.835 | 0.313 |
| DSV4 | 89.50 ± 1.45 | 90.50 ± 1.20 | 1.12 | 0.869 | 0.177 |
| M35-1 | 94.50 ± 1.33 | 93.75 ± 1.66 | −0.79 | 0.665 | 0.469 |
| SVD1418R | 89.50 ± 2.72 | 91.50 ± 1.85 | 2.23 | 0.709 | 0.404 |
| KODMURKI LOCAL | 93.50 ± 1.52 | 90.50 ± 3.84 | −3.21 | 0.571 | 0.645 |
| IS18551 | 91.50 ± 1.52 | 90.50 ± 2.33 | −1.09 | 0.713 | 0.397 |
| SVD1358R | 91.25 ± 1.52 | 94.50 ± 1.33 | 3.56 | 0.812 | 0.981 |
| LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 93.75 ± 1.66 | 89.50 ± 2.72 | −4.53 | 0.382 | 0.548 |
| CSV 29R | 91.50 ± 1.85 | 93.50 ± 1.52 | 2.19 | 0.617 | 0.261 |
| Shoot length (cm) | |||||
| SPV2217 | 10.56 ± 0.70 | 12.13 ± 0.83 | 14.92 | 0.046 | 4.51 |
| DSV4 | 14.38 ± 0.43 | 14.69 ± 0.45 | 2.16 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
| M35-1 | 12.38 ± 0.44 | 14.38 ± 0.74 | 16.16 | 0.039 | 5.66 |
| SVD1418R | 13.65 ± 0.38 | 13.78 ± 0.35 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.56 |
| KODMURKI LOCAL | 13.10 ± 0.55 | 13.37 ± 0.86 | 2.02 | 0.32 | 1.17 |
| IS18551 | 11.75 ± 0.27 | 12.12 ± 0.21 | 3.13 | 0.19 | 3.33 |
| SVD1358R | 11.67 ± 0.36 | 11.80 ± 0.73 | 1.16 | 0.42 | 0.94 |
| LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 15.33 ± 0.32 | 15.64 ± 0.54 | 2.06 | 0.31 | 3.15 |
| CSV 29R | 12.48 ± 0.78 | 12.62 ± 0.34 | 1.08 | 0.12 | 2.41 |
| Root length (cm) | |||||
| SPV2217 | 22.70 ± 0.80 | 27.58 ± 0.44 | 21.51 | 0.016 | 4.86 |
| DSV4 | 18.34 ± 0.41 | 18.03 ± 0.18 | −1.68 | 0.13 | 2.00 |
| M35-1 | 15.57 ± 0.46 | 18.54 ± 1.21 | 19.11 | 0.018 | 6.93 |
| SVD1418R | 19.15 ± 1.09 | 19.19 ± 1.44 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 2.02 |
| KODMURKI LOCAL | 22.23 ± 0.44 | 22.50 ± 0.66 | 1.20 | 0.41 | 3.65 |
| IS18551 | 18.99 ± 0.43 | 22.41 ± 0.60 | 18.00 | 0.030 | 5.25 |
| SVD1358R | 23.33 ± 0.88 | 23.48 ± 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.12 | 3.40 |
| LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 18.42 ± 0.98 | 18.57 ± 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 2.74 |
| CSV 29R | 16.51 ± 0.57 | 17.16 ± 1.04 | 3.89 | 0.46 | 3.05 |
| Seedling vigour index (SVI) | |||||
| SPV2217 | 3041.25 ± 39.6 | 3663.78 ± 26.4 | 20.47 | 0.005 | 4.86 |
| DSV4 | 2929.11 ± 60.4 | 2961.63 ± 51.4 | 1.11 | 0.70 | 1.93 |
| M35-1 | 2640.16 ± 36.9 | 3085.71 ± 19.4 | 16.88 | 0.006 | 5.995 |
| SVD1418R | 2935.45 ± 13.1 | 3015.69 ± 18.6 | 2.73 | 0.12 | 5.19 |
| KODMURKI LOCAL | 3303.27 ± 52.4 | 3245.50 ± 53.5 | −1.75 | 0.47 | 1.42 |
| IS18551 | 2812.62 ± 36.3 | 3124.33 ± 25.7 | 11.08 | 0.01 | 4.355 |
| SVD1358R | 3192.92 ± 22.3 | 3333.96 ± 21.6 | 4.42 | 0.09 | 2.61 |
| LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 3163.19 ± 27.6 | 3061.30 ± 20.4 | −3.22 | 0.13 | 3.90 |
| CSV 29R | 2652.75 ± 15.8 | 2785.28 ± 25.7 | 3.75 | 0.16 | 5.28 |
| Total Seedling length (cm) | |||||
| SPV2217 | 33.26 ± 0.56 | 39.72 ± 0.21 | 20.47 | 0.005 | 4.86 |
| DSV4 | 32.72 ± 0.16 | 32.73 ± 0.09 | 1.11 | 0.70 | 1.93 |
| M35-1 | 27.94 ± 0.22 | 32.92 ± 0.14 | 16.88 | 0.006 | 5.995 |
| SVD1418R | 32.80 ± 0.14 | 32.97 ± 0.30 | 2.73 | 0.12 | 5.19 |
| KODMURKI LOCAL | 35.33 ± 0.22 | 35.87 ± 0.25 | −1.75 | 0.47 | 1.42 |
| IS18551 | 30.74 ± 0.39 | 34.53 ± 0.12 | 11.08 | 0.001 | 4.355 |
| SVD1358R | 34.99 ± 0.19 | 35.28 ± 0.28 | 4.42 | 0.09 | 2.61 |
| LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 33.74 ± 0.25 | 34.20 ± 0.17 | −3.22 | 0.13 | 3.90 |
| CSV 29R | 29.00 ± 0.49 | 29.78 ± 0.66 | 3.75 | 0.16 | 5.28 |
Supplementary Table 3.
Changes in germination, root, and shoot growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions. Hypergravity-induced (1000xg, 1 hr) changes in germination, root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling vigour index, seedling fresh weight (gm), seedling dry weight (gm) and phenotype recorded at seedling growth stage (10th-day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse condition. The resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test [N=96] using SPSS – version 20.00.
| Genotypes | Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM | 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM | % change over control | p-value | t-stat. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germination (%) | |||||
| M35-1 | 87.8 ± 2.51 | 89.5 ± 1.15 | 1.99 | 0.145 | 0.361 |
| SPV2217 | 96.5 ± 0.00 | 93.0 ± 2.33 | −3.63 | 0.116 | 0.11 |
| IS18551 | 93.5 ± 0.66 | 94.3 ± 3.00 | 0.80 | 0.139 | 0.108 |
| Root length (cm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 16.1 ± 0.46 | 18.5 ± 1.02 | 15.06 | 0.010 | 6.072 |
| SPV2217 | 15.4 ± 0.82 | 17.5 ± 0.58 | 13.61 | 0.039 | 4.729 |
| IS18551 | 16.7 ± 0.45 | 17.1 ± 0.27 | 2.55 | 0.138 | 1.961 |
| Shoot length (cm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 8.8 ± 0.41 | 10.0 ± 1.35 | 14.57 | 0.043 | 4.868 |
| SPV2217 | 8.5 ± 1.44 | 9.4 ± 0.56 | 10.95 | 0.036 | 4.290 |
| IS18551 | 10.1 ± 0.28 | 10.3 ± 0.95 | 1.49 | 0.079 | 5.307 |
| Seedling vigour index (SVI) | |||||
| M35-1 | 2195.1 ± 24.4 | 2558.8 ± 20.9 | 16.57 | 0.005 | 5.251 |
| SPV2217 | 2422.0 ± 34.1 | 2662.7 ± 24.7 | 9.94 | 0.029 | 2.325 |
| IS18551 | 2635.8 ± 29.9 | 2751.4 ± 33.4 | 4.39 | 0.074 | 1.504 |
| Seedling fresh weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 9.2 ± 0.25 | 10.4 ± 0.71 | 13.93 | 0.039 | 2.293 |
| SPV2217 | 11.2 ± 0.52 | 12.3 ± 0.70 | 10.54 | 0.035 | 2.56 |
| IS18551 | 10.6 ± 0.18 | 11.1 ± 0.23 | 5.20 | 0.053 | 2.527 |
| Seedling dry weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 1.29 ± 0.52 | 1.49 ± 0.60 | 15.56 | 0.028 | 0.293 |
| SPV2217 | 1.88 ± 0.30 | 2.10 ± 0.48 | 12.00 | 0.034 | 0.644 |
| IS18551 | 1.41 ± 0.35 | 1.47 ± 0.47 | 4.79 | 0.138 | 0.284 |
Supplementary Table 4.
Changes in germination, root, and shoot growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions. Hypergravity-induced changes in germination (%), root length (cm), root volume (cm3), root fresh weight (gm), root dry weight (gm), number of secondary roots of selected genotypes of sorghum in greenhouse conditions recorded at the beginning of the reproductive phase (55th-day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse. The resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test [N=48] using SPSS – version 20.00.
| Genotypes | Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM | 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM | % change over control | p-value | t-stat. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germination (%) | |||||
| M35-1 | 94.5 ± 1.33 | 95.0 ± 1.66 | 0.53 | 0.566 | 0.469 |
| SPV2217 | 93.8 ± 1.52 | 94.0 ± 3.84 | 0.27 | 0.179 | 0.645 |
| IS18551 | 91.5 ± 1.52 | 93.0 ± 2.33 | 1.64 | 0.492 | 0.397 |
| Root length (cm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 64.9 ± 0.59 | 77.5 ± 0.96 | 19.33 | 0.011 | 13.41 |
| SPV2217 | 155.0 ± 1.01 | 180.7 ± 0.98 | 16.62 | 0.015 | 13.88 |
| IS18551 | 103.0 ± 0.85 | 87.1 ± 0.35 | −18.25 | 0.012 | 24.39 |
| Root volume (cm3) | |||||
| M35-1 | 36.6 ± 3.96 | 43.0 ± 2.34 | 17.42 | 0.026 | 2.927 |
| SPV2217 | 76.7 ± 1.10 | 88.0 ± 2.52 | 14.67 | 0.025 | 2.964 |
| IS18551 | 43.6 ± 2.95 | 41.2 ± 1.11 | −5.45 | 0.011 | 9.571 |
| Root fresh weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 65.4 ± 0.86 | 71.3 ± 0.55 | 18.19 | 0.01 | 11.32 |
| SPV2217 | 69.0 ± 0.58 | 79.4 ± 0.98 | 15.08 | 0.015 | 12.43 |
| IS18551 | 72.2 ± 0.54 | 61.2 ± 0.32 | −7.09 | 0.011 | 9.85 |
| Root dry weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 8.3 ± 1.35 | 9.3 ± 3.28 | 12.35 | 0.003 | 4.32 |
| SPV2217 | 11.7 ± 2.71 | 12.3 ± 2.87 | 4.91 | 0.202 | 5.17 |
| IS18551 | 10.0 ± 1.49 | 10.1 ± 2.16 | 0.05 | 0.157 | 4.78 |
| Number of secondary roots | |||||
| M35-1 | 15.8 ± 1.58 | 20.8 ± 4.71 | 16.90 | 0.014 | 4.431 |
| SPV2217 | 23.8 ± 1.83 | 25.5 ± 3.93 | 10.87 | 0.017 | 3.274 |
| IS18551 | 23.3 ± 1.65 | 22.5 ± 1.47 | −3.23 | 0.063 | 2.967 |
| Shoot length (cm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 115.3 ± 7.2 | 129.5 ± 7.69 | 12.36 | 0.025 | 4.333 |
| SPV2217 | 212.0 ± 13.5 | 235.0 ± 12.9 | 10.85 | 0.016 | 7.534 |
| IS18551 | 164.0 ± 10.5 | 169.5 ± 17.2 | 3.35 | 0.059 | 9.532 |
| Number of leaves per plant | |||||
| M35-1 | 09 ± 0.40 | 9.3 ± 0.51 | 2.78 | 0.134 | 1.732 |
| SPV2217 | 11 ± 0.40 | 11.3 ± 0.54 | 2.27 | 0.235 | 1.543 |
| IS18551 | 13 ± 0.86 | 13.5 ± 0.12 | 3.85 | 0.323 | 1.786 |
| Shoot fresh weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 151.6 ± 1.9 | 163.2 ± 1.3 | 7.65 | 0.032 | 4.928 |
| SPV2217 | 217.6 ± 1.7 | 236.4 ± 2.5 | 8.64 | 0.023 | 1.206 |
| IS18551 | 188.6 ± 1.2 | 199.8 ± 3.4 | 5.53 | 0.129 | 2.863 |
| Shoot dry weight (gm) | |||||
| M35-1 | 20.6 ± 0.08 | 22.8 ± 0.25 | 10.44 | 0.02 | 5.23 |
| SPV2217 | 34.9 ± 0.27 | 37.5 ± 0.52 | 7.46 | 0.017 | 7.121 |
| IS18551 | 25.8 ± 0.37 | 26.5 ± 0.51 | 2.81 | 0.204 | 4.439 |
Supplementary Table 5.
Hypergravity elicits robust phytohormone dynamics in the root, profiled on the final count (day 10) of sorghum seedlings. Resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test using SPSS – version 20.00.
| Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM | 1000g 1 hr. Mean ±SEM | % change over control | p-value | t-stat. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) | 131 ± 1.54 | 179 ± 7.33 | 36.59 | 0.019 | 6.396 |
| Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) | 23.20 ± 0.39 | 41.81 ± 0.29 | 80.18 | 0.000 | 38.18 |
| Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | −10.30 | 0.271 | 1.278 |
| Zeatin transe isomer | 28.05 ± 0.68 | 2.58 ± 0.09 | −90.81 | 0.001 | 37.12 |
| Trans zeatin Riboside (ZR) | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 30.66 | 0.084 | 2.603 |
| Gibberellic Acid 7 (GA7) | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | −21.51 | 0.058 | 2.858 |
| Gibberellic Acid 4 (GA4) | 3.13 ± 0.13 | 1.52 ± 0.09 | −51.61 | 0.001 | 10.11 |
| Gibberellic Acid 3 (GA3) | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | −55.75 | 0.000 | 15.30 |
| Abscisic Acid (ABA) | 2.37 ± 0.03 | 1.81 ± 0.06 | −23.40 | 0.005 | 7.506 |
| Salicylic Acid (SA) | 1046 ± 22.06 | 1650 ± 46.16 | 57.73 | 0.002 | 11.80 |
| Cis-Jasmonate (cis-JA) | 22.35 ± 0.95 | 29.27 ±0.26 | 30.92 | 0.014 | 6.992 |
| Methyl-Jasmonate | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 87.13 | 0.000 | 17.71 |
Supplementary Table 6.
Seed Diameter and 100 Seed Weight Across Different Sorghum Genotypes.
| Sl. No. | Sorghum Genotypes | Seed Diameter (mm) | 100 Seed Weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SVD1418R | 1.6 | 3.85 |
| 2 | IS18551 | 1.3 | 2.67 |
| 3 | SVD1358R | 1.4 | 4.34 |
| 4 | DSV4 | 1.5 | 3.55 |
| 5 | LAKMAPUR LOCAL | 1.5 | 3.10 |
| 6 | SPV2217 | 1.6 | 4.15 |
| 7 | M35-1 | 1.6 | 4.16 |
| 8 | CSV 29R | 1.5 | 3.52 |
| 9 | KODMURKI LOCAL | 1.4 | 3.35 |
Supplementary Figure 1.
This experiment was grouped as below. Statistical superiority was identified using an independent ‘t’ test comparing control with hypergravity treatment.