References
- Babcock H (2008) The National Environmental Policy Act in the urban environment: Oxymoron or a useful tool to combat the destruction of neighborhoods and urban sprawl? Journal of Environmental Law & Litigation 23(1): 1–33.
- Banai R, DePriest T (2014) Urban sprawl: Definitions, data, methods of measurement, and environmental consequences. Journal of Sustainability Education 7: 12.
- Barker LE, Shaw KM (2015) Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: checking assumptions concerning regression residuals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102(3): 533–539.
- Batty M (1972) Entropy and spatial geometry. Area 4: 230–236.
- Baum-Snow N (2007). Did highways cause suburbanization? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(2): 775–805.10.1162/qjec.122.2.775
- Bhatta B, Saraswati S, Bandyopadhyay D (2010) Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data Applied Geography 30: 731–740.10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002
- Bereitschaft B, Debbage K (2014) Regional variations in urban fragmentation among U.S. metropolitan and megapolitan areas. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 7(2): 119–147.
- Bertaud A (2004) The spatial organization of cities: Deliberate outcome or unforeseen consequence. World Development Report. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
- Bluff City Snapshot survey (2016). The Department of Neighborhood Improvement, Division of Public Works, City of Memphis, TN, 2016. (Bluff City Snapshot conducted a twelve-week parcel survey in the last months of 2015, assessing the condition of land including industrial, residential and vacant lots).
- Bourne L (2001) The urban sprawl debate: Myths, realities and hidden agendas. Plan Canada, 41(4), 26–30.
- Brueckner JK, Helsley RW (2011) Sprawl and blight. Journal of Urban Economics 69(2): 205−213.
- Burgess EW (1925) The growth of the city. In: Park RE, Burgess EW, McKenzie RD (eds) The city. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Calthorpe P (1993) The next American metropolis ecology, community, and the American dream. Princeton Architectural Press, New York. Available at:
- Calthorpe P, Fulton W (2001) The regional city: Planning for the end of sprawl. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
- Ciscel DH (2000) Urban sprawl, urban promise, A case study of Memphis, Tennessee.
- Ciscel DH (2001) The economics of urban sprawl: Inefficiency as a core feature of metropolitan growth. Journal of Economic Issues 35(2): 405–413.10.1080/00213624.2001.11506374
- Clark TA (2013) Metropolitan density, energy efficiency and carbon emissions: Multi-attribute tradeoffs and their policy implications. Energy Policy 53: 413–428.10.1016/j.enpol.2012.11.006
- Das S, Angadi DP (2020) Assessment of urban sprawl using landscape metrics and Shannon’s entropy model approach in town level of Barrackpore sub-divisional region, India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 7: 1071–1095.10.1007/s40808-020-00990-9
- Duany A, Plater-Zyberk E, Speck J (2000). Suburban nation – The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. North Point Press, New York.
- Duncan DT, Tamura K, Regan SD, Athens J, Elbel B, Meline J, Chaix B (2017) Quantifying spatial misclassification in exposure to noise complaints among low-Income housing residents across New York city neighborhoods: A Global Positioning System (GPS) study. Annals of Epidemiology 27(1): 67–75.10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.09.017527279828063754
- Effat HA, El Shobaky, MA (2015) Modeling and mapping of urban sprawl pattern in Cairo using multi-temporal Landsat images, and Shannon’s Entropy. Advances in Remote Sensing 4: 303–31810.4236/ars.2015.44025
- Ewing R, Pendall R, Chen D (2003) Measuring sprawl and its transportation impacts. Transportation Research Record 1831: 175−183.10.3141/1831-20
- Ewing R, Hamidi S (2014) Smart growth America: Measuring sprawl 2014. Available at:
- Field AP (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS: and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll (3rd edition). Sage, London.
- Goodman AC (1977) A Comparison of block group and census tract data in a hedonic housing price model. Land Economics 53(4): 483–487.10.2307/3145991
- Hasse J, Lathrop R (2003) Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Applied Geography 23: 159−175.10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.002
- Gouda AA, Hosseini M, Masoumi HE (2016) The status of urban and suburban sprawl in Egypt and Iran. GeoScape 10(1): 1–15.10.1515/geosc-2016-0001
- Hecht R, Herold H, Behnisch M, Jehling M (2019) Mapping long-term dynamics of population and dwellings based on a multi-temporal analysis of urban morphologies. International Joural of Geo-Information 8: 2.10.3390/ijgi8010002
- Hoyt H (1939) The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities. Federal Housing Administration, Washington, D.C.
- Jargowsky PA (2011) Urban poverty, economic segregation, and urban policy. In: Brooks N, Donaghy K, Knaap G (eds) Oxford handbook of urban economics and planning. Oxford University Press, New York.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380620.013.0014
- Galster G et al. (2000) Wrestling sprawl to the ground: Defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate 12 (4): 681–717
- Hortas-Rico M (2015) Sprawl, blight and the role of urban containment policies: Evidence from US Cities. SSRN Electronic Journal 55(2): 298–323.10.1111/jors.12145
- Iceland J, Steinmetz E (2003) The effects of using census block groups instead of census tracts when examining residential housing patterns. U.S. Census Bureau Working Paper. Available at:
- Katz P ed. (1994) The new urbanism: toward an architecture of community. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Kelly E (2010) Community planning. Island Press, Washington.
- Laidley T (2016) Measuring sprawl: A new index, recent trends, and future research. Urban Affairs Review 52(1): 66–97.10.1177/1078087414568812
- Liu L, Peng Z, Wu H, Jiao H, Yu Y, Zhao J (2018) Fast identification of urban sprawl based on K-means clustering with population density and local spatial entropy. Sustainability 10(8).10.3390/su10082683
- Lopez R, Hynes HP (2003) Sprawl in the 1990s: Measurement, distribution, and trends. Urban Affairs Review 38(3): 325–355.10.1177/1078087402238805157039916990927
- Lopez R (2014) Urban sprawl in the United States: 1970-2010. Cities and the Environment (CATE), 7(1). Available at:
- Masek JG, Lindsay FE, Goward SN (2000) Dynamics of urban growth in the Washington DC metropolitan area, 1973−1996, from Landsat observations. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(18): 3473–3486.10.1080/014311600750037507
- Mock B (2017) The meaning of blight. CITYLAB. Available at:
- Morris, E. K., Caruso T., Buscot F. (2014) Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories. Ecology and Evolution 4,18: 3514–3524.10.1002/ece3.1155422452725478144
- Musakwa W. and A. van Nieker.(2014) Monitoring urban sprawl and sustainable urban development Using the Moran Index: A case study of Stellenbosch, South Africa. International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research, 5(3), 1–20.10.4018/ijagr.2014070101
- Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC), for land cover classification. Available at:
- Nasser H, Overberg P (2001) What you don’t know about sprawl. Controlling development a big concern, but analysis has unexpected findings. USA Today, 1a.
- National Land Cover Data (NLCD) Available at:
- Nazarnia N, Harding C, Jaeger JA (2019) How suitable is entropy as a measure of urban sprawl? Landscape and Urban Planning 184: 32–43.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.09.025
- Openshaw S (1984) The modifiable areal unit problem. CATMOG 38. GeoBooks, Norwich.
- Papas MA, Alberg AJ, Ewing R, Helzlsour KJ, Gary TL, Klassen AC (2007) The built environment and obesity: a review of the evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29(1): 129–143.10.1093/epirev/mxm00917533172
- Park, RE, Burgess EW, McKenzie RD eds. (1925) The city: Suggestions for investigation of human behavior in the Urban Environment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Perry CA (1929) The neighborhood unit: a scheme of arrangement for the family-life community. Regional study of New York and its environs, VII, Neighborhood and Community Planning, Monograph One 2–140. Regional Plan of New York and its Environs, New York.
- Plexida S, Sfougaris A, Papadopoulos N (2012) Quantifying beetle and bird diversity in a Mediterranean mountain agro-ecosystem. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 58(1): 1–25.10.1560/IJEE.58.1.1
- Ragusett JM (2016) Black residential segregation in the era of urban sprawl. The Review of Black Political Economy 43(3–4): 253–272.10.1007/s12114-015-9220-7
- Rahman MT (2016a) Detection of land use/land cover changes and urban sprawl in Al‐Khobar, Saudi Arabia: An analysis of multi‐temporal remote sensing data. International Journal of Geo-Information 5(2): 15.10.3390/ijgi5020015
- Rahman MT (2016b) Land use and land cover changes and Yrban Sprawl in Riadh, Saudi Arabia: An analysis using multi-temporal Landsat data and Shannon’s Entropy index. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, pp. 1017–1021.10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-1017-2016
- Ross CL, Leigh NG (2000) Planning urban revitalization and inner city: An exploration of structural racism. Journal of Planning Literature 14(3): 367–380.
- Roth DS, Perfecto I, Rathcke B (1994) The effects of management systems on ground-foraging ant diversity in Costa Rica Author. Ecological Applications 4(3): 423–436.10.2307/1941947
- Salvati L, Carducci M (2014) Urban growth and land-use structure in two Mediterranean Regions: An exploratory spatial data analysis. Sage Open 4(4).10.1177/2158244014561199
- Tewolde MG, Cabral P (2011) Urban sprawl analysis and modeling in Asmara, Eritrea. Remote Sensing 3: 2148−2165.
- Theil H (1967) Economics and information theory, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
- Thomas RW (1981) Information statistics in Geography. GeoAbstracts, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Tuomisto H (2010) A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia 164: 853–860.10.1007/s00442-010-1812-020978798
- vom Hofe R, Parent O, Grabill M (2019) What to do with vacant and abandoned residential structures? The effects of teardowns and rehabilitations on nearby properties, Journal of Regional Science 59: 228–249.10.1111/jors.12413
- Yeh A, Lee X (2001) Measurement and monitoring urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67: 83–89.