Fig. 1
The values of oxygen isotopic delta of tap water and thermally processed water with the measurement errors.
Fig. 2
The isotopic composition of water given to laboratory rats, recalculated to values of the isotopic composition of apatite phosphates in specimens potentially consuming water with a certain composition.
Fig. 3
The difference in the values of isotopic delta of bone phosphates in animals consuming two different types of water.
Table 1
The influence of thermal processing of food on isotopic ratios of oxygen in cooked food according to different authors.
| Paper | Material | Cooking (min.) time | Temperature (°C) | Isotopic effect of cooking process |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food (vegetables) water vs initial water | 20 | min. 100 | +6.2 ‰ | |
| +2.2 ‰ (chicken) | ||||
| Daux et al., 2008 | Food (meat) water vs initial water | 20 | min. 100 | +2.8 ‰ (beef) |
| +3.7 ‰ (mackerel) | ||||
| Food (rice, lentils) water vs initial water | 20 | min. 100 | +2.6 ‰ | |
| Brettell et al., 2012 | Vegetables and meat | 60 | min. 100 | +4.0 ‰ |
| Brettell et al., 2012 | Vegetables and meat | 180 | min. 100 | +10.1 ‰ |
| Sweet potato | 300 | 125 | +3.0 ‰ | |
| Tuross et al., 2017 | Sweet potato | 300 | 150 | +6.0 ‰ |
| Meat | 270 | 125 | +1.1 ‰ | |
Fig. 4
δ18Op mean values (± sd) of bone samples from rats drinking tap water (square) and thermally processed water (diamond) plotted versus the δ18O average of tap water (–10.011‰) and thermally processed water (–3.7894‰) respectively. Horizontal lines determine the range of δ18O variability in the environmental water from the area of Kraków. Scope no. 1 was determined based on the results obtained for rats drinking tap water ± 1 sd. Scope no. 2 was determined as the minimum and maximum values determined on the basis of the presented regression lines. The results obtained for rats drinking boiled water were shifted to the same level as the results for rats drinking tap water to better visualize the relationship to the compared groups and reference to ranges showing the local environmental level.
Fig. 5
Variability of oxygen isotopic composition based on the relationship between δ18Op and δ18Ow in human studies.