Women, Scripts and Conditioning
References
- Bateman, N., & Ross, M. (2020, October). Why has Covid-19 been especially hard for working women? 19A: The Brookings Gender Equality Series. https://www.brookings.edu/essay/why-has-covid-19-been-especially-harmful-for-working-women/
- Beres, M. A. (2014). Points of convergence: Introducing sexual scripting theory to discourse approaches to the study of sexuality. Sexuality & Culture, 18, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9176-3
- Berman, M. R. (2010, December 10). Elizabeth Edwards’ lessons on breast cancer and life, in her own words. Medpage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/blogs/celebritydiagnosis/23840
- Bjornson, G. (2021, August 10). Beyoncé details struggles with insomnia, diets: “Your body tells you everything you need to know.” People. https://people.com/health/beyonce-details-struggles-with-insomnia-diets-your-body-tells-you-everything-you-need-to-know/
- Bursztyn, L., Fujiwara, T. & Pillais, A. (2017). ‘Acting wife’: Marriage market incentives and labor market incentives. American Economic Review, 107, 3288–3319. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170029
- Byers, E. S. (1996). How well does the traditional sexual script explain sexual coercion? Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 8, 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v08n01_02
- Byers, E. S. & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2013). Sexual coercion in dating relationships. Routledge.
- Canary, D. J., & Emmers-Sommer, T. M. (1997). Sex and gender differences in personal relationships: Toward an activity-based perspective. Guilford.
- Carpenter, L. M. (1998). From girls into women: Scripts for sexuality and romance in Seventeen magazine, 1974-1994. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551929
- Chiu, A. (2022, June 15). How to know if you are a people-pleaser and what to do about it. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2022/06/15/people-pleaser-personality-psychology/
- Cohen, P. (2020, November 17). Recession with a difference: Women face special burden. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/business/economy/women-jobs-economy-recession.html
- Crowell, T. L., & Emmers-Sommer, T. M. (2001). “If I knew then what I know now”: Seropositive individuals’ perceptions of partner trust, safety and invulnerability prior to HIV infection. Communication Studies, 52 (4), 302–323.
- Demorest, A. P. (1995). The personal script as a unit of analysis for the study of personality. Journal of Personality, 63, 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00506.x
- Dworkin, S. L., & O’Sullivan, L. (2005). Actual versus desired initiation patterns among a sample of college men: Tapping disjunctures within traditional male sexual scripts. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 150–158. doi:10.1080/00224490509552268
- Emmers-Sommer, T. M. (2002). Sexual coercion and resistance. In M. Allen, R. Preiss, B. A. Gayle, & N. Burrell (Eds.), Interpersonal communication: Advances in meta-analysis (pp. 315–343). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Emmers-Sommer, T. M., & Allen, M. (2005). Safer sex in personal relationships: The role of sexual scripts in HIV infection and prevention. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Emmers-Sommer, T. M., Farrell, J., Gentry, A., Stevens, S., Eckstein, J., Battocletti, J., & Gardener, C. (2010). First date sexual expectations, sexual- and gender-related attitudes: The effects of who asked, who paid, date location, and gender. Communication Studies, 61 (3), 339–355.
- England, P., Levine, A., & Mishel, E. (2020). Progress toward gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled. PNAS, 117, 6990–6997. doi https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918891117
- Frith, H. (2009). Sexual scripts, sexual refusals and rape. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 99–122). Willan Publishing.
- Gagnon, J. H. (1990). The explicit and implicit use of the scripting perspective in sex research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1, 1–43.
- Goodchilds, J. D., Zellman, G. L., Johnson, P. B., & Giarrusso, R. (1988). Adolescents and their perceptions of sexual interactions. In A. W. Burgess (Ed.), Rape and sexual assault II (pp. 245–270). New York: Garland.
- Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hamblin, J. (2014, June 15). The myth of wealthy men and beautiful women. The Atlantic. Available https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/07/the-myth-of-buying-beauty/374414/
- Hochschild, A. (2003). The second shift. Penguin Books.
- Humphreys, T., & Herold, E. S. (2007). Sexual consent in heterosexual relationships: Development of a new measure. Sex Roles, 57, 305–315. doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9264-7
- Jenkins, M. J., & Dambrot, F. H. (1987). The attribution of date rape: Observer’s attitudes and sexual experiences and the dating situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 875–895. doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00296.x
- Justich, K. (2020, December 17). Jennifer Lopez admits ‘I’ve never struggled more with my health and nutrition’ than during the pandemic. Yahoo Life. https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/jennifer-lopez-admits-never-struggled-more-with-my-health-and-nutrition-than-during-the-pandemic-193432680.html
- Kay, K., & Shipman, C. (May, 2014). The confidence gap. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/05/the-confidence-gap/359815/
- Klein, V., Imhoff, R., Reininger, K. M., & Briken, P. (2019). Perceptions of sexual script deviation in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 1–14. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1280-x
- Kodelja, Z. (2016). Equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. CEPS Journal, 6, 9–24.
- LaFrance, B. H. (2010). What verbal and nonverbal communication cues lead to sex?: An analysis of the traditional sexual script. Communication Quarterly, 58, 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2010.503161
- Lamont, E. (2020). The mating game. The University of California Press.
- Littleton, H. L., & Axsom, D. (2003). Rape and seduction scripts of university students: Implications for rape attributions and unacknowledged rape. Sex Roles, 49, 465–475. doi/10.1023/A:1025824505185
- Loofbourow, L. (2018, January 25). The female price of male pleasure. The Week. https://theweek.com/articles/749978/female-price-male-pleasure
- Masters, T., Casey, E. A., Wells, E. A., & Morrison, D. M. (2013). Sexual scripts among young heterosexually active men and women: Continuity and change. The Journal of Sex Research, 50, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.661102
- McClintock, E. A. (2014). Beauty and status: The illusion of exchange in partner selection? American Sociological Review, 79, 575-604. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122414536391
- McKinsey (2021, September 27). Women in the workplace 2021. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace
- Metts, S., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1992). Thinking about safer sex: The risky business of “know your partner” advice. In T. Edgar, M. A. Fitzpatrick, & V. S. Freimuth (Eds.), Communication. AIDS: A communication perspective (p. 1–19). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Metts, S., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1996). Sexual communication in interpersonal contexts: A script-based approach. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 19, (pp. 49–91). Sage.
- Morr, M. C., & Mongeau, P. A. (2004). First-date expectations: The impact of sex of initiator, alcohol consumption, and relationship type. Communication Research, 41, 3–35. doi https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203260202
- Muehlenhard, C. L., & Rodgers, C. S. (1998). Token resistance to sex: New perspectives on an old stereotype. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 443–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00167.x
- Napier-Fitzpatrick, P. (n. d.) How to be a gentleman. The Etiquette School of New York. Retrieved 2022, February 16, from https://etiquette-ny.com/how-to-be-a-gentleman-on-valentines-day/
- Paulson, S. (September 30, 2020). ‘I am because we are’: The African philosophy of Ubuntu. To the Best of Our Knowledge. https://www.ttbook.org/interview/i-am-because-we-are-african-philosophy-ubuntu
- Perry, M. J. (2020, October 15). Women earned majority of doctoral degrees in 2019 for 11th straight year and outnumber men in grad school 141 to 100. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/women-earned-majority-of-doctoral-degrees-in-2019-for-11th-straight-year-and-outnumber-menin-grad-school-141-to-100/
- Pisarcik, I. (2019, March 5). Women outnumber men in law school classrooms for their year in a row, but statistics don’t tell the full story. Jurist: Legal News & Commentary. https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2019/03/pisarcik-women-outnumber-men-in-law-school/
- Rao, A. H. (2019, May 12). Even breadwinning wives don’t get equality at home. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2019/05/breadwinning-wives-gender-inequality/589237/
- Risman, B. J. (2018). Gender as a social structure. In B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 19–43). Springer.
- Rissman, N. (Director) & Madonna (Producer). (2008). I am because we are [Documentary]. Semtex Films.
- Shank, R. C. (1986). Explanation patterns: Understanding mechanically and creatively. Erlbaum.
- Shank, R. C., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Erlbuam.
- Shotland, R. L., & Goodstein, L. (1992). Sexual precedence reduces the perceived legitimacy of sexual refusal: An examination of attributions concerning date rape and consensual sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 756–764. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167292186012
- Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02701260
- Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542219
- Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (2003). Sexual scripts: Origins, influences, and changes. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000005053.99846.e5
- Simons, S. A. (2020, February 18). More couples are embracing female breadwinners, despite decades-old stigma. NPR.https://www.npr.org/local/305/2020/02/18/807050015/more-couples-are-embracing-female-breadwinners-despite-decades-old-stigma
- Singal, J. (2018, June 14). Trophy wives may not really be a thing. New York Magazine. https://www.thecut.com/2014/06/trophy-wives-may-not-really-be-a-thing.html
- Some of the biggest gatekeepers of patriarchy are women: Rajma Chawal director Leena Yadav (2018, December 3). Hindustan Times. Indo Asian News Service. https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/some-of-the-biggest-gatekeepers-of-patriarchy-are-%09women-rajma-chawal-director-leena-yadav/story-1It7foDefJThLHJC9v8pKK.html
- Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality. PLoS ONE, 14 (1). doi https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349
- Syrda, J. (2020). Spouse relative income and male psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 976-992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219883611
- United Nations (2022). Sustainable development goals report. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/progress-report/
- United Nations (2020, April 9). Put women and girls at centre of COVID-19 recovery: UN Secretary-General. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1061452
- United Nations (2020, October 20). Women’s job market participation stagnating at less than 50% for the past 25 years, finds UN report. Press release. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/10/womens-job-market-participation-stagnating-at-less-than-50-for-the-past-25-years-finds-un-report/
- UN Women (2020, October 2). Press release: At UN high-level meeting, world leaders reignite the vision of the Beijing Platform for Action, the most transformative agenda for advancing gender equality. www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/10/press-release-leaders-reignite-the-vision-of-the-beijing-platform-for-action
- Ward, L. M., Reed, L., Trinh, S. L., & Foust, M. (2013). Sexuality and entertainment media. D. Tolman, L. M. Diamond, J. A. Bauermeister, J. W. H. George, J. G. Pfaus, & L. M Ward (Eds.) Handbook of sexuality and psychology, Vol. 2, contextual approaches (pp. 373–423). American Psychological Association.
- Whittier, D., & Melendez, D. K. (2004). Intersubjectivity in the intrapsychic sexual scripting of gay men. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 6, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050310001607250
- Wierzbicka, A. (2005). In defense of ‘culture’. Theory & Psychology, 15, 575–597. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959354305054752f
Language: English
Page range: 131 - 151
Published on: Dec 21, 2022
Published by: West University of Timisoara
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Related subjects:
© 2022 Tara Emmers-Sommer, published by West University of Timisoara
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.