References
- 1. FAO., 2020. The State of the World ’ s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture – In Brief. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org
- 2. Nash, M. L., Hungerford, L. L., Nash, T. G., Zinn, G. M., 1996: Risk factors for perinatal and postnatal mortality in lambs. Vet. Rec., 139, 3, 64–67. DOI: 10.1136/vr.139.3.64
- 3. Dwyer, C. M., Conington, J., Corbiere, F., Holm ø y, I. H., Muri, K., Nowak, R., et al., 2016: Invited review: Improving neonatal survival in small ruminants; science into practice. Animal, 10, 3, 449–459. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731115001974
- 4. Gascoigne, E., Davies, P., 2019: An approach to neonatal lamb post-mortem examinations. Livestock, 24, 4, 193–198. DOI: 10.12968/live.2019.24.4.193
- 5. Sharif, L., Obeidat, J., Al-Ani, F., 2005: Risk factors for lamb and kid mortality in sheep and goat farms in Jordan. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 8, 2, 99–108.
- 6. Holm ø y, I. H., Kielland, C., Stubsj ø en, S. M., Hektoen, L., Waage, S., 2012: Housing conditions and management practices associated with neonatal lamb mortality in sheep flocks in Norway. Prev. Vet. Med., 107, 3–4, 231–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.06.007
- 7. Swarnkar, C. P., Gowane, G. R., Prince, L. L. L., Sonawane, G. G., 2019: Risk factor analysis for neonatal lamb mortality in Malpura sheep. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 89, 6, 640–644.
- 8. Rowland, J. P., Salman, M. D., Kimberling, C. V., Schweitzer, D. J., Keefe, T. J., 1992: Epidemiologic factors involved in prenatal lamb mortality on four range sheep operations. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53, 2, 262–267. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.02.262
- 9. Haziroglu, R., Diker, K. S., Gulbahar, M. Y., Akan, M., Guvenc, T., 1994: Studies of the pathology and microbiology of pneumonic lungs of lambs. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 101, 11, 441–443.
- 10. Hodgson, J. C., 1994: Disease due to E.coli in sheep. In: Escherichia coli in Domestic Animals and Humans, Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International, UK, 2, 135–150.
- 11. Hough, R. L., McCarthy, F. D., Thatcher, C. D., Kent, H. D., Eversole, D. E., 1990: Influence of glucocorticoid on macromolecular absorption and passive immunity in neonatal lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 68, 8, 2459–2464. DOI: 10.2527/1990.6882459x
- 12. Andrés, S., Jiménez, A., Sánchez, J., Alonso, J. M., Gó-mez, L., López, F., Rey, J., 2007: Evaluation of some etiological factors predisposing to diarrhoea in lambs “La Serena” (Southwest Spain). Small Rumin. Res., 70, 2–3, 272–275. DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.04.004
- 13. Holm ø y, I. H., Waage, S., Granquist, E. G., L ’ Ab é e-Lund, T. M., Ersdal, C., Hektoen, L., S ø rby, R., 2017: Early neonatal lamb mortality: postmortem findings. Animal, 11, 2, 295–305. DOI: 10.1017/S175173111600152X
- 14. Fentie, T., Temesgen, W., Melaku, A., 2016: Assessment of young stock mortality in major livestock production systems of Ethiopia. Feed the Future USAID. University of Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 15. Constable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Don, S. H., Gruenberg, W., 2016: Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 11th ed. Elsevier, Missouri.
- 16. Otte, J., Schnier, C., Allan, F. K., Salmon, G., Wong, J. T., Minjauw, B., 2024: Estimating the cost of young stock mortality in livestock systems—An application to sheep farming in Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 11, 1389303. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389303
- 17. Adam, K. E., Bruce, A., Corbishley, A., 2021: Veterinary interventions to improve neonatal survival on British beef and sheep farms: a qualitative study. Front. Vet. Sci., 8, 619889. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.619889
- 18. Shrivastava, S., Kumar Mishra, K., Shrivastava, N., Walwadkar, K. K., Singh, A. K., Risheen, G. D., 2022: Prevalence of caprine diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli in the Vindhya region (Rewa) of Madhya Pradesh. Pharm. Innov. J., 11, 3, 1694–1698.
- 19. Rogers Van Katwyk, S., Grimshaw, J. M., Mendelson, M., Taljaard, M., Hoffman, S. J., 2017: Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst. Rev., 6, 256. DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0640-2
- 20. Givens, M. D., Marley, M. S. D., 2008: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality. Theriogenology, 70, 3, 270–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018
- 21. G ó mez, L., Andr é s, S., S á nchez, J., Alonso, J. M., Rey, J., L ó pez, F., Jim é nez, A., 2008: Relationship between the treatment and the evolution of the clinical course in scouring Merino lambs from “La Serena” (Southwest Spain). Small Rumin. Res., 76, 3, 223–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.01.005
- 22. Mason, R. W., Corbould, A., 1981: Colisepticaemia of lambs. Aust. Vet. J., 57, 10, 458–460. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb05765.x
- 23. Mokhbatly, A.-A. A., Elsheikh, N., Ghazy, E. W., Elgamal, A. M., Hegazy, Y. M., Assar, D. H., 2022: Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonellae and some associated hematologic and biochemical profile alterations in lambs. Vet. Res. Forum, 13, 2, 155–162. DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.124018.2907
- 24. Sun, J., Chen, W., Yuan, Z., 2022: Characterization of intestinal microbiota in lambs with different susceptibility to Escherichia coli F17. Vet. Sci., 9, 12, 670. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120670
- 25. Mohammed, S. A. E.-M., Marouf, S. A. E.-M., Erfana, A. M., El-Jakee, J. K. A. E.-H., Hessain, A. M., Dawoud, T. M., et al., 2019: Risk factors associated with E. coli causing neonatal calf diarrhea. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci., 26, 5, 1084–1088. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.008
- 26. Liu, Y., Liu, J., 2022: Group B Streptococcus: virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism. Microorganisms, 10, 12, 2483. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122483
- 27. Wedeman, M., Toluie, A., Benton, A. H., 2024: Virulence factors of Streptococcus agalactiae relating to neonatal sepsis. J. Med. Sci. Res., 12, 1, 93–97. DOI: 10.17727/JMSR.2024/12-17
- 28. Nizet, V., Rubens, C. E., 2006: Pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors of group B Streptococci. Gram ‐ Positive Pathogens, 152–168. DOI: 10.1128/9781555816513.ch13
- 29. Herbert, M. A., Beveridge, C. J. E., Saunders, N. J., 2004. Bacterial virulence factors in neonatal sepsis: group B streptococcus. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 17, 3, 225–229. DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200406000-00009
- 30. Alnajjar, S., Sitthicharoenchai, P., Gallup, J., Acker-mann, M., Verhoeven, D., 2021: Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F infection in respiratory syncytial virus-infected neonatal lambs enhances morbidity. PloS One, 16, 3, e0235026. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235026
- 31. Smith, C. M., Sandrini, S., Datta, S., Freestone, P., Shafeeq, S., Radhakrishnan, P., et al., 2014: Respiratory syncytial virus increases the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae by binding to penicillin binding protein 1a. A new paradigm in respiratory infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 190, 2, 196–207. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2110OC
- 32. Sow, F. B., Gallup, J. M., Krishnan, S., Patera, A. C., Suzich, J., Ackermann, M. R., 2011: Respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with an altered innate immunity and a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of preterm lambs. Respir. Res., 12, 106, 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-106
- 33. Furuta, A., Brokaw, A., Manuel, G., Dacanay, M., Marcell, L., Seepersaud, R., et al., 2022: Bacterial and host determinants of group B streptococcal infection of the neonate and infant. Front. Microbiol., 13, 820365. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.820365
- 34. Miura, E., Martin, M.C., 2001: Group B streptococcal neonatal infections in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S. Paulo, 43, 5, 243–246. DOI: 10.1590/S0036-46652001000500001
- 35. Liao, C.-H., Huang, L.-M., Lu, C.-Y., Lee, C.-Y., Hsueh, P.-R., Tsao, P.-N., et al., 2002: Group B streptococcus infection in infancy: 21-year experience. Acta Paediatr. Taiwan., 43, 6, 326–329.
- 36. Heath, P. T., Jardine, L. A., 2014: Neonatal infections: group B streptococcus. BMJ Clin. Evid., 2014, 0323.
- 37. Miselli, F., Frabboni, I., Di Martino, M., Zinani, I., Buttera, M., Insalaco, A., et al., 2022: Transmission of Group B Streptococcus in late-onset neonatal disease: A narrative review of current evidence. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis., 9, 20499361221142732. DOI: 10.1177/20499361221142732
- 38. Jackson, L. P., Higgins, H. M., Duncan, J. S., 2024: A cross-sectional survey of farmer reported prevalence and farm management practices associated with neonatal infectious arthritis (“joint ill”) in lambs, on UK sheep farms. Front. Vet. Sci., 11, 1489751. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1489751
- 39. Uzal, F. A., Giannitti, F., Asin, J., 2022: Yellow lamb disease (Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxemia of sheep): A review. Animals, 12, 12, 1590. DOI: 10.3390/ani12121590
- 40. Uzal, F. A., Songer, J. G., 2008: Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 20, 3, 253–265. DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000301
- 41. Uzal, F. A., Vidal, J. E., McClane, B. A., Gurjar, A. A. 2010: Clostridium perfringens toxins involved in mammalian veterinary diseases. Open Toxinology J., 2, 24–42.
- 42. East, L. M., Savage, C. J., Traub-Dargatz, J. L., Dickinson, C. E., Ellis, R. P., 1998: Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988–1997). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 212, 11, 1751–1756. DOI: 10.2460/javma.1998.212.11.1751
- 43. Munday, J. S., Bentall, H., Aberdein, D., Navarro, M., Uzal, F. A., Brown, S., 2020: Death of a neonatal lamb due to Clostridium perfringens type B in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J., 68, 4, 242-246. DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1706660
- 44. Moustafa, S., Zakaria, I., Moustafa, A., AboSakaya, R., Selim, A., 2022: Bacteriological and serological investigation of Clostridium perfringens in lambs. Sci. Rep., 12, 19715. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21918-6
- 45. Allaart, J. G., van Asten, A. J. A. M., Gr ö ne, A., 2013: Predisposing factors and prevention of Clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 36, 5, 449–464. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.05.001
- 46. Rouquette, C., Berche, P., 1996: The pathogenesis of infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain), 12, 2, 245–258.
- 47. Pizarro ‐ Cerd á, J., Cossart, P., 2006: Subversion of cellular functions by Listeria monocytogenes. J. Pathol., 208, 2, 215–223. DOI: 10.1002/path.1888
- 48. Portnoy, D. A., Auerbuch, V., Glomski, I. J., 2002: The cell biology of Listeria monocytogenes infection: the intersection of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity. J. Cell Biol., 158, 3, 409–414. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200205009
- 49. Pizarro-Cerd á, J., Cossart, P., 2018: Listeria monocytogenes: cell biology of invasion and intracellular growth. Microbiol. Spectr., 6, 6. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0013-2018
- 50. Hawkins, I. K., Ilha, M., Anis, E., Wilkes, R. P., 2017: Septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in two neonatal llamas. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 29, 5, 700–703. DOI: 10.1177/1040638717719479
- 51. Schlech III, W. F., 2019: Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Microbiol. Spectr., 7, 3. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0014-2018
- 52. Wilkins, P. A., Marsh, P. S., Acland, H., Del Piero, F., 2000: Listeria monocytogenes septicemia in a thorough-bred foal. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 12, 2, 173–176. DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200216
- 53. Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., Constable, P. D., 2007: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Vet. Med., 10, 2045–2050.
- 54. Wu, L., Zhang, X.-H., Chen, H., Yin, X.-L., 2008: Neonatal septicemia caused by Listeria monocytogenes: report of 6 cases. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 46, 1, 22–25.
- 55. Lamond, N. M., Freitag, N. E., 2018: Vertical transmission of Listeria monocytogenes: probing the balance between protection from pathogens and fetal tolerance. Pathogens, 7, 2, 52. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020052
- 56. Charlier, C., Noel, C., Hafner, L., Moura, A., Mathiaud, C., Pitsch, A., et al., 2023: Fatal neonatal listeriosis following L. monocytogenes horizontal transmission highlights neonatal susceptibility to orally acquired listeriosis. Cell Rep. Med., 4, 7, 101094. DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101094
- 57. Nelson, K. E., Warren, D., Tomasi, A. M., Raju, T. N., Vidyasagar, D., 1985: Transmission of neonatal listeriosis in a delivery room. Am. J. Dis. Child., 139, 9, 903–905. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140110057029
- 58. Harper, M., Boyce, J. D., Adler, B., 2006: Pasteurella multocida pathogenesis: 125 years after Pasteur. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 265, 1, 1–10. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00442.x
- 59. Dabo, S. M., Taylor, J. D., Confer, A. W., 2007: Pasteurella multocida and bovine respiratory disease. Anim. Health Res. Rev., 8, 2, 129–150. DOI: 10.1017/S1466252307001399
- 60. Mohamed, R. A., Abdelsalam, E. B., 2008: A review on pneumonic pasteurellosis (respiratory mannheimiosis) with emphasis on pathogenesis, virulence mechanisms and predis-posing factors. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 11, 3, 139–160.
- 61. Haque, M. N., Ahmed, E., Rahman, M. H., 2023: Pasteurellosis in small ruminants and its epidemiology, prevention and control: A brief review. Bangladesh Vet., 40, 1–2, 25–36.
- 62. Daniel, J. A., Held, J. E., Brake, D. G., Wulf, D. M., Ep-person, W. B., 2006: Evaluation of the prevalence and onset of lung lesions and their impact on growth of lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 67, 5, 890–894. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.5.890
- 63. Nakwan, N., Atta, T., Chokephaibulkit, K., 2009: Neonatal pasteurellosis: A review of reported cases. Arch. Dis. Child – Fetal Neonatal Ed., 94, 5, F373-F376. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2008.143982
- 64. Zaramella, P., Zamorani, E., Freato, F., Cattai, M., Meloni, G. A., 1999: Neonatal meningitis due to a vertical transmission of Pasteurella multocida. Pediatr. Int., 41, 3, 307–310.
- 65. Siahanidou, T., Gika, G., Skiathitou, A.-V., Oikonomopoulos, T., Alexandrou-Athanassoulis, H., Koutouzis, E. I., Syriopoulou, V. P., 2012: Pasteurella multocida infection in a neonate: evidence for a human-to-human horizontal transmission. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 31, 5, 536–537. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318245debd
- 66. Dennis, S. M., 1974: Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia 4. Neonatal infections. Aust. Vet. J., 50, 11, 511–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb14057.x
- 67. Jenkins, A., Diep, B. A., Mai, T. T., Vo, N. H., Warrener, P., Suzich, J., et al., 2015: Differential expression and roles of Staphylococcus aureus virulence determinants during colonization and disease. MBio., 6, 1, e02272-14. DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02272-14
- 68. Thomer, L., Schneewind, O., Missiakas, D., 2016. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Annu. Rev. Pathol: Mech. Dis., 11, 343–364. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044351
- 69. Lina, G., Pi é mont, Y., Godail-Gamot, F., Bes, M., Peter, M.-O., Gauduchon, V., et al., 1999: Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin—producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis., 29, 5, 1128–1132. DOI: 10.1086/313461
- 70. Shoaib, M., Aqib, A. I., Muzammil, I., Majeed, N., Bhutta, Z. A., Kulyar, M. F. E. A., et al., 2023: MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front. Micro-biol., 13, 1067284. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067284
- 71. Mohammed, S., Nigatu, S., 2015: Review on livestock associated Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its zoonotic importance. Int. J. Microbiol. Res., 6, 3, 164–174.
- 72. Doyle, M. E., Hartmann, F. A., Wong, A. C. L., 2012: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: implications for our food supply? Anim. Health Res. Rev., 13, 2, 157-180. DOI: 10.1017/S1466252312000187
- 73. Kaushik, P., Das, S., Nath, N. C., Mili, D. C., 2024: Impact of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in livestock farming, animal products and its mitigation strategies with medicinal plants: A brief review. AATCC Review, 12, 3, 273–280.
- 74. Knodler, L. A., Elfenbein, J. R., 2019: Salmonella enterica. Trends. Microbiol. 27, 11, 964–965.
- 75. Chatzopoulos, D. C., Vasileiou, N. G. C., Ioannidi, K. S., Katsafadou, A. I., Mavrogianni, V. S., Michael, C. K., et al., 2021: Experimental study of the potential role of Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae in the diarrhoeic syndrome of lambs. Pathogens, 10, 2, 113. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020113
- 76. Santos, R. L., Zhang, S., Tsolis, R. M., B ä umler, A. J., Adams, L. G., 2002: Morphologic and molecular characterization of Salmonella typhimurium infection in neonatal calves. Vet. Pathol., 39, 2, 200–215. DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-2-200
- 77. Uzzau, S., Leori, G. S., Petruzzi, V., Watson, P. R., Schianchi, G., Bacciu, D., et al., 2001: Salmonella enterica serovar-host specificity does not correlate with the magnitude of intestinal invasion in sheep. Infect. Immun., 69, 5. DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3092-3099.2001
- 78. Azizi, S., Tajbakhsh, E., Rezaii, A., Nekouei, S. H., Namjoo, A. R. 2011: The role of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in pneumonic lungs of slaughtered sheep. Revue M é d. V é t., 162, 6, 310–315.
- 79. Wood, M. E., Fox, K. A., Jennings-Gaines, J., Killion, H. J., Amundson, S., Miller, M. W., Edwards, W. H., 2017: How respiratory pathogens contribute to lamb mortality in a poorly performing bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) herd. J. Wildl. Dis., 53, 1, 126–130. DOI: 10.7589/2016-05-097
- 80. Alley, M. R., Ionas, G., Clarke, J. K., 1999: Chronic non-progressive pneumonia of sheep in New Zealand–a review of the role of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. N. Z. Vet. J., 47, 5, 155–160. DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1999.36135
- 81. Nguyen, D. N., Jiang, P., Fr ø ki æ r, H., Heegaard, P. M. H., Thymann, T., Sangild, P. T., 2016: Delayed development of systemic immunity in preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants. Sci, Rep., 6, 36816. DOI: 10.1038/srep36816
- 82. Cuenca, A. G., Wynn, J. L., Moldawer, L. L., Levy, O., 2013: Role of innate immunity in neonatal infection. Am. J. Perinatol., 30, 02, 105–112. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333412
- 83. Sharma, A. A., Jen, R., Butler, A., Lavoie, P. M., 2012: The developing human preterm neonatal immune system: a case for more research in this area. Clin. Immunol., 145, 1, 61–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.08.006
- 84. Sampah, M. E. S., Hackam, D. J., 2020: Dysregulated mucosal immunity and associated pathogeneses in preterm neonates. Front. Immunol., 11, 899. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00899
- 85. Zhang, Y., Choi, S. H., Nogoy, K. M., Liang, S., 2021: Review: The development of the gastrointestinal tract micro-biota and intervention in neonatal ruminants. Animal, 15, 8, 100316. DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100316
- 86. Bi, Y., Cox, M. S., Zhang, F., Suen, G., Zhang, N., Tu, Y., Diao, Q., 2019: Feeding modes shape the acquisition and structure of the initial gut microbiota in newborn lambs. Environ. Microbiol., 21, 7, 2333–2346. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14614
- 87. Gebisa, E. S., Gerasu, M. A., Leggese, D. T., 2019: A review on virulence factors of Escherichia coli. Anim. Vet. Sci., 7, 3, 83–93. DOI: 10.11648/j.avs.20190703.13
- 88. Smith, L. D., 1979: Virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens. Rev. Infect. Dis., 1, 2, 254–262. DOI: 10.1093/clinids/1.2.254
- 89. Schmitt, C. K., Meysick, K. C., O ’ Brien, A. D., 1999: Bacterial toxins: friends or foes?. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, 2, 224–234. DOI: 10.3201/eid0502.990206
- 90. Timmer, A. M., Timmer, J. C., Pence, M. A., Hsu, L.- C., Ghochani, M., Frey, T. G., et al., 2009: Streptolysin O promotes group A Streptococcus immune evasion by accelerated macrophage apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem., 284, 2, 862–871. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M804632200
- 91. Loh, J. M., Aghababa, H., Proft, T., 2023: Eluding the immune system’s frontline defense: Secreted complement evasion factors of pathogenic Gram-positive cocci. Microbiol. Res., 277, 127512. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127512
- 92. Mathew, B. J., Gupta, P., Naaz, T., Rai, R., Gupta, S., Gupta, S., et al., 2023: Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae extra-cellular glycosidases in immune evasion. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13, 109449. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1109449
- 93. Lewis, C. J., 2011: Control of important clostridial diseases of sheep. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 27, 1, 121–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.009
- 94. Jegaveera Pandian, S., Kumar, J., Sonawane, G. G., Gowane, G. R., Swarnkar, C. P., Sharma, S. R., 2023: Soil-borne septicaemic colibacillosis in neonatal lambs: Salient observations. Indian J. Anim. Res., 57, 5, 662–665. DOI: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4327
- 95. Gregory, D. W., Cardella, M. A., Myers, L. L., 1983: Lamb model in the study of immunity to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Am. J. Vet. Res., 44, 11, 2073–2077. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.1983.44.11.2073
- 96. Awad ‐ Masalmeh, M., Willinger, H., 1985: Immunization of ewes with E. coli surface proteins to protect offspring against experimentally induced colibacillosis. Zentralblatt F ü r Veterin ä rmedizin Reihe B., 32, 1–10, 548–554. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1985.tb01993.x
- 97. Bond, C., 2020: Evaluation of lamb colostrum supplements. Vet. Rec., 187, 11, e100.
- 98. Daniel, R. G., Carson, A., Evans, C., Cookson, R., Wessels, M., 2017: Pathological observations of tick‐borne fever and intercurrent bacterial infections in lambs. Vet. Rec. Case Rep., 4, 2, e000367. DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000367
- 99. Johnson, T., Jones, K., Jacobson, B. T., Schearer, J., Adams, N., Thornton, I., et al., 2022: Experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free domestic lambs with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae causes asymptomatic colonization of the upper airways that is resistant to antibiotic treatment. Vet. Microbiol., 265, 109334. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109334