Abstract
Sheep farming plays a significant role in global livestock production, contributing to the output of meat, wool, and milk, and providing income for millions of livestock farmers, especially in developing countries. In this review, the role of bacteria in the aetiology and pathology of neonatal lamb mortality, including management and prevention strategies, is discussed. Several bacteria are known to cause neonatal mortality in sheep, with Escherichia coli consistently identified as the most common pathogen, responsible for 15–20% of neonatal deaths worldwide. Other important bacterial pathogens include Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica. Additionally, Brucella melitensis and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, among others, have also been recognised as bacterial causes of neonatal mortality in lambs. This review demonstrates that bacterial infections cause lamb losses in sheep during the first two weeks of life. Effective management and preventative strategies— such as prompt vaccination, adequate colostrum intake, good sanitation, responsible antibiotic use, and supportive care—can significantly reduce bacterial infections in newborn lambs. This reduction will lower neonatal mortality rates, support sustainable sheep production, and contribute to global food security.