References
- 1. Aguilar, M., Hanigan, M. D., Tucker, H. A., Jones, B. L., Garbade, S. K., McGilliard, L. M., et al., 2012: Cow and herd variation in milk urea nitrogen concentrations in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 12, 7261‒7268. DOI: 10.31 68/jds.2012-5582.10.3168/jds.2012-558223040023
- 2. Bannink, A., Dijkstra, J., Koopmans, S. J., Mroz, Z., 2006: Physiology, regulation, and multifunctional activity of the gut wall: A rationale for multicompartmental modelling. Nutr. Res. Rev., 19, 227‒253. DOI: 10.1017/S0954422407334094.10.1017/S095442240733409419079888
- 3. Bibby, J., Toutenburg, H., 1977: Prediction and Improved Estimation in Linear Models. John Wiley, London, 188 pp.
- 4. Broderick, G. A., Clayton, M. K., 1997: A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci., 80, 11, 2964‒2971. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76262-3.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76262-39406089
- 5. Broderick, G. A., Luchini, N. D., Reynal, S. M., Varga, G. A., Ishler, V. A., 2008: Effect on production of replacing dietary starch with sucrose in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 4801‒4810. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1480.10.3168/jds.2008-148019038955
- 6. Burgos, S. A., Robinson, P. H., Fadel, J. G., DePeters, E. J., 2005: Ammonia volatilization potential: Prediction of urinary urea nitrogen output in lactating dairy cows. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 111, 261‒269. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee. 2005.06.010.10.1016/j.agee.2005.06.010
- 7. Burgos, S. A., Fadel, J. G., Depeters, E. J., 2007: Prediction of ammonia emission from dairy cattle manure based on milk urea nitrogen: Relation of milk urea nitrogen to urine urea nitrogen excretion. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 12, 5499‒5508. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0299.10.3168/jds.2007-029918024741
- 8. Castillo, A. R., Kebreab, E., Beever, D. E., France, J. A., 2000: A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 9, 1, 1‒32. DOI: /10.22358/jafs/68025/2000.10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
- 9. Colmenero, J. J., Broderick, G. A., 2006: Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 5, 1704–1712. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-X.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-X16606741
- 10. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 691/2013 of 19 July 2013: Amending Regulation (EC) No. 152/2009 as regards methods of sampling and analysis. Official Journal of the European Union 2013, L 197/1–L197/12.
- 11. DePeters, E. J., Ferguson, J. D., 1992: Non-protein nitrogen and protein distribution in the milk of cows. J. Dairy Sci., 75, 11, 3192‒3209. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78085-0.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78085-01460144
- 12. Gourley, C. J. P., Aarons, S. R., Powell, J. M., 2012: Nitrogen use efficiency and manure management practices in contrasting dairy production systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 147, 73–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.011.10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.011
- 13. Huhtanen, P., Nousiainen, J. I., Rinne, M., Kytölä, K., Khalili, H., 2008: Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 3589‒3599. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1181.10.3168/jds.2008-118118765617
- 14. Huhtanen, P., Hristov, A. N., 2009: A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 7, 3222‒3232. DOI: 10.3168/jds. 2008-1352.10.3168/jds
- 15. Huhtanen, P., Cabezas-Garcia, E. H., Krizsan, S. J., Shin-gfield, K. J., 2015: Evaluation of between cow variation in milk urea and rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations and the association with nitrogen utilization and diet digestibility in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 98, 5, 3182–3196. DOI: 10. 3168/jds.2014-8215.10.3168/jds.2014-821525771060
- 16. Jonker, J. S., Kohn, R. A., Erdman, R. A., 1998: Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 10, 2681‒2692. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75825-4.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75825-49812273
- 17. Jonker, J. S., Kohn, R. A., High, J., 2002: Dairy herd management practices that impact nitrogen utilization efficiency. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 5, 1218‒1226. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-03 02(02)74185-4.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74185-4
- 18. Kauffman, A. J., St-Pierre, N. R., 2001: The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci., 84, 10, 2284–2294. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74675-9.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74675-911699460
- 19. Kebreab, E., France, J., Mills, J. A., Allison, R., Dijkstra, J., 2002: A dynamic model of N metabolism in the lactating dairy cow and an assessment of impact of N excretion on the environment. J. Anim Sci., 80, 1, 248‒259.10.2527/2002.801248x11833535
- 20. Kohn, R. A., Kalscheur, K. F., Hanigan, M., 1998: Evaluation of models for balancing the protein requirements of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 12, 3401‒3414, DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75904-1.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75904-19891283
- 21. Kohn, R. A., Dinneen, M. M., Russek-Cohen, E., 2005: Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats. J. Anim. Sci., 83, 4, 879‒889. DOI: 10.2527/2005.834879x.10.2527/2005.834879x15753344
- 22. Kohn, R. A., 2007: Use of milk or blood urea nitrogen to identify feed management inefficiencies and estimate nitrogen excretion by dairy cattle and other animals. Paper presented at Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL, 30–31 Jan., 2007.
- 23. Maskaľová, I., Vajda, V., 2021: Milk urea concentration to the evaluation of nitrogen efficiency transformation on dairy farms. Folia Veterinaria, 65, 3, 30‒39. DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0025.10.2478/fv-2021-0025
- 24. Nousiainen, J., Shingfield, K. J., Huhtanen, P., 2004: Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a diagnostic of protein feeding. J. Dairy Sci., 87, 2, 386–398, DOI: 10.3168/jds.S00 22-0302(04)73178-1.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73178-1
- 25. NRC 2001: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. edn., 381, 263‒265.
- 26. Oudah, E. Z. M., 2009: Non genetic factors affecting somatic cell count, milk urea content, test day milk yield and milk protein percent in dairy cattle of Czech Republic using individual test day records. Livest. Res. Rural Develop., 21, 5, 1‒25, DOI: 10.21608/jappmu.2009.119192.10.21608/jappmu.2009.119192
- 27. Pacheco, L. F., 2016: Relations Entre la Composition du Lait et les Facteurs Alimentaires dans les Troupeaux Laitiers Québécois. Available at https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/handle/20.500.11794/27160?locale=fr.
- 28. Pereira, Andre de Barros Duarte, 2012: Reduced Protein for Late-lactation Dairy Cows. Louisiana State University, Master’s Theses, 224 pp. Available at http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/224.
- 29. Powell, J. M., Jackson-Smith, D. B., Mariola, M., Saam, H., 2006: Validation of feed and manure management data collected on Wisconsin dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 6, 2268–2278. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72298-6.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72298-616702294
- 30. Powell, J. M., Wattiaux, M. A., Broderick, G. A., 2011: Short communication: Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a management tool to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 9, 4690‒4694. DOI: 10.3168/jds. 2011-4476.10.3168/jds
- 31. Powell, J. M., Rotz, C. A., Wattiaux, M. A., 2014: Abatement of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from dairy farms using milk urea N (MUN) as a management tool. J. Env. Quality, 43, 4, 1169‒1175. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.09.0375.10.2134/jeq2013.09.037525603065
- 32. Spek, J. W., Bannink, A., Gort, G., Hendriks, W. H., Dijkstra, J., 2012: Effect of sodium chloride intake on urine volume, urinary urea excretion, and milk urea concentration in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 7288‒7298. DOI: 10. 3168/jds.2012-5688.10.3168/jds.2012-568823063155
- 33. Spek, J. W., Dijkstra, J., van Duinkerken, G., Hendriks, W. H., Bannink, A., 2013: Prediction of urinary nitrogen and urinary urea nitrogen excretion by lactating dairy cattle in northwestern Europe and North America: A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci., 96, 7, 4310–4322. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6265.10.3168/jds.2012-626523664347
- 34. Tan, Z., Murphy, M. R., 2004: Ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants. A review. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 13, 3, 389–404. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/67 425/2004.10.22358/jafs/67425/2004
- 35. Wattiaux, M. A., Karg, K. L., 2004: Protein level for alfalfa and corn silage-based diets: I. Lactational response and milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci., 87, 10, 3480–3491. DOI: 10.31 68/jds.S0022-0302(04)73483-9.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73483-915377626
- 36. Wattiaux, M. A., Ranathunga, S., 2016: Milk urea nitrogen as a tool to assess efficiency of nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. In Proceedings of Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference, Dubuque Iowa, June 15‒16, 79–88.
