Study on the Visibility Performance of Nocturnal Safety Clothing Based on Luminescent Fabrics

Sample name	Fabric material	Color	Weaving method
SP4-WCF	White-coated fabric	White	Coating
SP5-PCF	Pink-coated fabric	Pink	Coating
SP6-BCF	Blue-coated fabric	Blue	Coating
SP7-YCF	Yellow-coated fabric	Yellow	Coating

Source: Author’s contribution.

The first group clothing samples. (a) With light. (b) Without light.

The second group clothing samples. (a) With light. (b) Without light.

The design of the experimental environment.

Table 3

Evaluation criteria.

Value	Identifiability of the clothing samples
5	Excellent, can be recognized exactly
4	Good, can be recognized easily
3	Average, can be recognized normally
2	Fair, can be recognized partly
1	Poor, can be recognized slightly

Source: Author’s contribution.

The XRD patterns of the luminous material and the luminous fiber.

The FTIR spectra of the luminous material and the luminous fiber.

The Emission spectra of the luminous material and the luminous fiber.

Table 4

Colorimetric parameters.

Sample	Chromaticity coordinates		Dominant wavelength	Purity
Sample	X	Y	Dominant wavelength	Purity
SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺	0.2640	0.4605	530	0.3880
Luminous fiber	0.2025	0.5360	515	0.656

Source: Author’s contribution.

The CIE chromaticity diagram of the luminous material and the luminous fiber.

The afterglow spectrum of the first group clothing samples.

Table 5

Initial brightness and the plateau brightness of the first group clothing samples (cd/m²).

Samples	Initial brightness	Plateau brightness
SP4-WCF	0.8742	0.0477
SP5-PCF	0.6087	0.0361
SP6-BCF	0.3870	0.0386
SP7-YCF	0.4191	0.0238

Source: Author’s contribution.

The afterglow spectrum of the second group clothing samples.

Table 6

Initial brightness and plateau brightness of the second group clothing samples (cd/m²).

Samples	Initial brightness	Plateau brightness
SP1-WF	0.2628	0.0104
SP2-EF	0.1584	0.0093
SP3-SF	0.2265	0.0131
SP4-WCF	0.8742	0.0477

Source: Author’s contribution.

Table 7

Visibility values of the first group clothing samples.

Distance (m)	Time (min)	Sample
Distance (m)	Time (min)	SP1-WF	SP2-EF	SP3-SF	SP4-WCF
3	0	3.4	2.2	2.8	4.8
	5	3.2	1.8	2.8	4.8
	10	2.4	1.4	2.6	4.4
	20	2.8	1.4	2.4	3.8
5	0	3.6	3	2.4	4.8
	5	3.2	2	2.4	4.8
	10	2.6	1.6	1.8	3.8
	20	2.2	1.4	1.6	3.2
10	0	3.4	2.2	1.8	4.6
	5	2.4	1.2	1.2	3.8
	10	1.8	1.4	1.4	2.8
	20	1.4	1.2	1.2	2.4
20	0	3	2	1.2	4.4
	5	2.2	1	1	3.2
	10	1	1	1	2
	20	1	1	1	1.2

Source: Author’s contribution.

Table 8

Data regression analysis of the first group clothing samples.

Sample	Regression equation	R²	F
SP1-WF	y = 3.799942 − 0.07052 x ₁ − 0.074857 x ₂	0.535249	44.34004
SP2-EF	y = 2.369090 − 0.035694 x ₁ − 0.047714 x ₂	0.29331	15.97933
SP3-SF	y = 2.808598 − 0.085116 x ₁ − 0.024286 x ₂	0.465534	33.53452
SP4-WCF	y = 5.533728 − 0.101445 x ₁ − 0.102286 x ₂	0.729539	103.8496

Source: Author’s contribution.

Table 9

Visibility values of the second group clothing samples.

Distance (m)	Time (min)	Samples
Distance (m)	Time (min)	SP4-WCF	SP5-PCF	SP6-BCF	SP7-YCF
3	0	4.8	4.4	4.6	4.2
	5	4.6	3.8	4.2	3.6
	10	4.2	3.2	3.4	2.4
	20	3.6	1.8	2.4	1.6
5	0	5	4.2	4.4	4.2
	5	5	3.8	4	3.4
	10	3.6	2.4	2.6	2.4
	20	2.6	1.8	1.6	1.6
10	0	5	4.6	4.4	4.6
	5	4.8	3.8	3.8	3
	10	3	2.4	2.2	1.8
	20	2.2	1.4	1.4	1.4
20	0	4.8	3.4	3.8	3.4
	5	3.6	2.2	2.4	2.2
	10	2	1	1	1
	20	1.6	1	1	1

Source: Author’s contribution.

Table 10

Data regression analysis of the second group clothing samples.

Sample	The regression equation	R²	F
SP4-WCF	y = 5.582890 − 0.073988 x ₁ − 0.126286 x ₂	0.715723	96.93141
SP5-PCF	y = 4.724855 − 0.076301 x ₁ − 0.134286 x ₂	0.620722	63.00868
SP6-BCF	y = 4.964480 − 0.084682 x ₁ − 0.138286 x ₂	0.65425	72.85224
SP6-YCF	y = 4.366199 − 0.061705 x ₁ − 0.133429 x ₂	0.580065	53.1809

Source: Author’s contribution.

Eye tracking thermal map of the first group clothing samples.

Eye tracking thermal map of the second group clothing samples.

Table 11

Fixation frequency of the first group clothing samples.

Sample	SP1-WF	SP2-EF	SP3-SF	SP4-WCF
Fixation frequency	2.15	1.23	4.00	3.31
Standard deviation	1.86	1.01	2.52	1.55

Source: Author’s contribution.

Table 12

Fixation frequency of the second group clothing samples.

Sample	SP4-WCF	SP5-PCF	SP6-BCF	SP7-YCF
Fixation frequency	3.85	3.08	1.92	1.62
Standard deviation	1.68	1.75	0.76	1.45

Source: Author’s contribution.

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2300-7354 | Journal ISSN: 1230-3666

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Language: English

Page range: 28 - 38

Submitted on: Apr 27, 2025

Accepted on: Feb 16, 2026

Published on: Apr 27, 2026

Published by: Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

Luminescent fabric,

nocturnal safety clothing,

visible distance,

eye tracking technology.

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business informatics,

Process management,

Industrial chemistry,

Cellulose, paper and textiles,

Polymer science and technology,

Materials sciences,

Biomaterials and natural materials

© 2026 Yanhong Yan, Hongtuo Li, Ruixin Xu, Yonggui Li, published by Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 34 (2026): Issue 1 (February 2026)

Study on the Visibility Performance of Nocturnal Safety Clothing Based on Luminescent Fabrics

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