Fig. 1.
![Value of EU Textile Output in 2020 (million Euro) (Source: EUROSTAT 2022 [17])](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65df6f943c126925968c3ff1/j_ftee-2024-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251020%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251020T142457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=025d6ba8dd73f3263908b061c7fc6711c47ac51ec03b2b900182cf212738ee8a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
![Share of textile company websites in relation to advanced technologies [20]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65df6f943c126925968c3ff1/j_ftee-2024-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251020%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251020T142457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6f21078f0ab55ccb4bf7ccac703c9f376f68400e41b7b99efe412cad490db315&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
![Businesses in the textile industry in the Łódź voivodeship [61]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65df6f943c126925968c3ff1/j_ftee-2024-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251020%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251020T142457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=62672f3f60b6f8117a72ddd9d9bf5951df476c6f6ce8504e4e4889bdd4d35711&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Dynamics of changes in the textile industry in Poland – basic data Sources: author’s own compilation based on data of Statistics Poland
| 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sold production of the textile industry (in millions of PLN) | 7680 | 8161 | 12440 | 16188 | 18564 |
| Financial result of industrial enterprises by ownership (in millions of PLN) | 147.7 | 348.6 | 597.8 | 835.5 | 927.2 |
| Employed persons (in thousands) | - | 53.2 | 53.8 | 54.9 | 56.0 |
| Average paid employment indices in the industry (previous year = 100) | - | - | 105.2 | 95.3 | 102.7 |
| Labour productivity in the industry, measured by the gross value added per paid employee (in thousands) | - | - | 86.9 | 106.7 | 115.9 |
| Average monthly gross wages and salaries in the industry by ownership (in PLN) | 1585 | 2180 | 2709 | 3875 | 4276 |
| Average monthly gross wages and salaries indices in the industry (previous year = 100) | - | - | 104.6 | 107.0 | 110.4 |
| Investment outlay indices in the industry | - | - | 106.8 | 70.2 | 103.4 |
| Industry exports (in millions of PLN) | - | 6115.3 | 9456.2 | 14027.1 | 16358.1 |
International standards and guidelines for testing biodegradability
| Standard | Title | Environment | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| OECD 301 B | CO2 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test) | aqueous medium | 38 |
| ISO 9439 | Water quality — Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — Carbon dioxide evolution test | aqueous medium | 39 |
| ISO 14852 | Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide | Activated sludge | 40 |
| ISO 14851 | Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer | aqueous medium | 41 |
| ADTM D5338 | Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, incorporating thermophilic temperatures | compost | 42 |
| ISO 14855 | Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions — Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test | compost | 43 |
| EN 14046 | Evaluation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of packaging materials under controlled composting conditions - Method by analysis of released carbon dioxide | compost | 44 |
| EN 13432 | Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging | compost | 45 |
| ASTM D6400 | Standard specification for labelling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities | compost | 46 |
| ISO 17556 | Plastics — Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in soil by measuring the oxygen demand in a respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved | soil | 47 |
| DIN EN ISO 11721-1 | Textiles — Determination of resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms — Soil burial test — Part 1: Assessment of rot-retardant finishing | Soil | 48 |
| DIN EN ISO 846 | Plastics — Evaluation of the action of microorganisms | fungi and bacteria and soil microorganisms | 49 |
| ISO 21701 | Textiles —Test method for accelerated hydrolysis of textile materials and biodegradation under controlled composting conditions of the resulting hydrolysate | compost | 50 |
| ISO 17088 | Specifications for compostable plastics | compost | 51 |
Innovation ideas and technologies according to trends identified in the EU Report 2020, Source: Technopolis Group based on text-mining company websites [20]
| Technological trends | Innovation |
|---|---|
| Advanced Materials |
|
| Nano-technology |
|
| Integrating the Internet and electronics |
|
| 3D printing |
|
| Artificial Intelligence |
|