Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
![Schematic illustration of modified ring spinning method for dual core-spun yarn; (a) modified ring spinning arrangement, (b) combination of materials, (c) cross-sectional view of dual core-spun yarn. [16, 29]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471db74215d2f6c89db32be/j_ftee-2023-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251207%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251207T145022Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=13701f3de1e575a39b23edaa802c70ac6f3a574e2cfd06ec5c7afd10d17a95dc&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Regression model and ANOVA table for yarn properties
| Model Summary | ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. error of the Estimate | Dependent variables | F | Sig. |
| Strength | 0.764 | 0.584 | 0.570 | 0.67503 | Yarn Strength | 40.287 | 0.000 |
| Elongation | 0.770 | 0.593 | 0.579 | 0.88906 | Yarn elongation | 41.836 | 0.000 |
| Unevenness | 0.649 | 0.421 | 0.401 | 0.43800 | Yarn Unevenness | 20.846 | 0.000 |
| Hairiness | 0.605 | 0.366 | 0.344 | 0.56914 | Yarn Hairiness | 16.526 | 0.000 |
Regression coefficients for yarn properties response variables using values of the independent variables
| Coefficient | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength | Elongation | Unevenness | Hairiness | |||||
| Terms | Coefficient | Sig. | Coefficient | Sig. | Coefficient | Sig. | Coefficient | Sig. |
| Constant | 24.098 | 0.000 | 9.357 | 0.000 | 6.204 | 0.000 | 15.286 | 0.000 |
| Yarn count | −0.549 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.828 | 0.303 | 0.000 | −0.348 | 0.000 |
| Elastane fineness | −0.019 | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.000 | −0.006 | 0.000 | −0.007 | 0.001 |
| Filament type | −0.025 | 0.776 | −0.679 | 0.000 | 0.116 | 0.044 | −0.127 | 0.087 |
Test method standard used in this study for yarn and fabric
| Yarn Test | Standard | Fabric test | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yarn count (dtex) | TS 244 EN ISO 2060 | Weight (gsm) | ASTM D3776 |
| Uster unevenness (%) | TS 2394 | Tear strength (grf) | ASTM D1424 |
| Yarn hairiness (%) | TS12863 | Tensile strength (kgf) | ASTM D5034 |
| Yarn breaking tenacity (%) | TS 245 EN ISO 2062 | Shrinkage (%) | AATCC 135 |
| Yarn and fabric sample acceptance and conditioning | ASTM D 1776 | Stiffness (kgf) | ASTM D4032 |
| Elasticity & growth (%) | ASTM D3107 |
ANOVA table for fabric properties of regression analysis
| ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | F | Sig. | Dependent variables | F | Sig. |
| Fabric dry weight | 134.749 | 0.000 | Warp tensile strength | 112.240 | 0.000 |
| Fabric washed weight | 332.405 | 0.000 | Weft tensile strength | 303.867 | 0.000 |
| Fabric elasticity | 431.107 | 0.000 | Warp tearing strength | 78.768 | 0.000 |
| Fabric growth% 30s | 17.643 | 0.000 | Weft tearing strength | 110.975 | 0.000 |
| Fabric growth% 2 hr | 12.552 | 0.000 | Warp shrinkage | 7.052 | 0.000 |
| Stiffness | 155.364 | 0.000 | Weft shrinkage | 71.492 | 0.000 |
Regression coefficients for fabric properties response variables using values of the independent variables
| Dependent variable | constant | yarn count | elastane | filament | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fabric dry weight | coefficient | 360.750 | −6.289 | 0.438 | −3.517 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Fabric washed weight | coefficient | 302.034 | 0.311 | 0.899 | −5.550 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.719 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Fabric elasticity | coefficient | −33.990 | 3.639 | 0.247 | −0.342 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.225 | |
| Fabric growth% 30s | coefficient | −0.633 | 0.444 | 0.003 | 0.067 |
| significance | 0.565 | 0.000 | 0.133 | 0.389 | |
| Fabric growth% 2 hr | coefficient | −2.415 | 0.422 | 0.006 | −0.117 |
| significance | 0.071 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.213 | |
| Warp tensile strength | coefficient | 71.330 | 0.100 | 0.160 | −1.383 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.709 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Weft tensile strength | coefficient | 104.200 | −4.111 | 0.002 | 0.417 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.606 | 0.015 | |
| Warp tearing strength | coefficient | 4324.973 | 26.783 | 2.500 | 10.800 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.093 | |
| Weft tearing strength | coefficient | 9024.065 | −331.289 | 0.049 | 139.200 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.940 | 0.000 | |
| Warp shrinkage | coefficient | −10.849 | 0.489 | −0.023 | 0.083 |
| significance | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.709 | |
| Weft shrinkage | coefficient | 23.793 | −2.456 | −0.066 | 0.700 |
| significance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 | |
| Stiffness | coefficient | 0.306 | 0.006 | 0.005 | −0.033 |
| significance | 0.011 | 0.413 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Properties of cotton fiber, roving, and filaments used in this study
| Cotton fiber HVI | Roving properties | Filament | Strength, cN/Tex | Elongation% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCI | 140.3 | Count Ne | 0.7 | PET/PTT 55 dtex | 35.42 | 28.54 |
| Mic. | 4.98 | U% | 3.98 | PTT 56 dtex | 37.75 | 27.85 |
| UHML (mm) | 30.5 | CVm% | 5.01 | PET 55 dtex | 44.52 | 23.50 |
| SFI | 6.13 | CVm 1m% | 1.65 | PET/PTT 83 dtex | 42.53 | 26.66 |
| Strength (g/tex) | 33.37 | CVm 3m% | 1.25 | PTT 84 dtex | 35.36 | 25.02 |
| Elongation (%) | 8.4 | CVm 5m% | 1.14 | PET 83 dtex | 40.39 | 23.73 |
Regression analysis model summary for fabric properties
| Model Summary | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. Error |
| Fabric dry weight | 0.908 | 0.825 | 0.818 | 6.97576 |
| Fabric washed weight | 0.959 | 0.921 | 0.918 | 8.17244 |
| Fabric elasticity | 0.968 | 0.938 | 0.935 | 2.16641 |
| Fabric growth% 30 sec | 0.617 | 0.381 | 0.359 | 0.59702 |
| Fabric growth% 2hr | 0.552 | 0.305 | 0.280 | 0.72006 |
| Warp tensile strength | 0.892 | 0.797 | 0.789 | 2.53191 |
| Weft tensile strength | 0.956 | 0.914 | 0.911 | 1.29636 |
| Warp tearing strength | 0.856 | 0.733 | 0.724 | 49.19050 |
| Weft tearing strength | 0.891 | 0.795 | 0.788 | 182.10435 |
| Warp shrinkage | 0.444 | 0.197 | 0.169 | 1.72689 |
| Weft shrinkage | 0.845 | 0.714 | 0.704 | 2.07561 |
| Stiffness | 0.919 | 0.844 | 0.839 | 0.06412 |
Structure of composite/hybrid yarns used in this study
| Sample | Sheath | Core | Composition | Linear density |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DT1 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET/PTT | 80.45% CO + 15.52% T400® + 4.03% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DS1 | Cotton | 56 dtex PTT | 80.17% CO + 15.80% Solotex® + 4.03% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DP1 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET | 80.29% CO + 15.68% PET + 4.03% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| CT1 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET/PTT | 75.60% CO + 20.82% T400® + 3.58% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CS1 | Cotton | 84 dtex PTT | 75.35% CO + 21.07% Solotex® + 3.58% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CP1 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET | 75.51% CO + 20.91%PET + 3.58% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| DT2 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET/PTT | 77.91% CO + 15.52% T400® + 6.57% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DS2 | Cotton | 56 dtex PTT | 77.63% CO + 15.80% Solotex® + 6.57% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DP2 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET | 77.75% CO + 15.68% PET + 6.57% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| CT2 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET/PTT | 73.34% CO + 20.82% T400® + 5.84% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CS2 | Cotton | 84 dtex PTT | 73.09% CO + 21.07% Solotex® + 5.84% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CP2 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET | 73.25% CO + 20.91% PET + 5.84% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| DT3 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET/PTT | 74.63% CO + 15.52% T400® + 9.85% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DS3 | Cotton | 56 dtex PTT | 74.35% CO + 15.80% Solotex® + 9.85% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| DP3 | Cotton | 55 dtex PET | 74.47% CO + 15.68% PET + 9.85% | 328.06 dtex (Ne 18/1) |
| CT3 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET/PTT | 70.43% CO + 20.82% T400® + 8.75% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CS3 | Cotton | 84 dtex PTT | 70.18% CO + 21.07% Solotex® + 8.75% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |
| CP3 | Cotton | 83 dtex PET | 70.34% CO + 20.91% PET + 8.75% | 369.06 dtex (Ne 16/1) |