Figure 1.
Diagram showing the selection process of publications used.
Figure 2.
Scientific publications made on C. nitida in Africa from 1990 to 2022.
Figure 3.
Geographical trend of publication on C. nitida (1990–2022) by country (A) and by sub-region (B).
Figure 4.
Number of publications per study focus on African regions (1990–2022).
Figure 5.
A: pod of C. nitida; B: species of C. nitida in a home garden in southern Benin (Source: Isabelle E.T. Tokannou).
Figure 6.
Occurrence of C. nitida in Africa (GBIF, 2023) realized by Isabelle E.T. Tokannou.
Table 1.
Some local names of C. nitida in Africa (Adapted from Akouègninou et al., 2006; Lim, 2012).
| Local name | Countries | Ethnic group |
|---|---|---|
| Golo | Benin | Adja and Fon |
| Goro | Benin | Bariba, Dendi, Djerma, Peuhl |
| Gbaoundja | Benin | Fon |
| Colatier | Benin; Côte d’Ivoire | Français |
| Toloi | Sierra Leone | Kpaa Mende |
| Oussé | Ghana | Ashanti |
| Obi gbanjȃ | Benin | Yoruba, Nagot |
Figure 7.
Some variations in the use of C. nitida in certain African countries.
Table 2.
Medicinal use of C. nitida.
| Plant part | Indications | References |
|---|---|---|
| Nut | Hypotension | |
| Children’s ossification | Boukoulou & Mbété, 2010 | |
| Snake bite | ||
| Antibiotic manufacturing | Dewole et al., 2013; Indabawa & Arzai, 2011; Afolabi et al., 2020 | |
| Stimulant | Aiyeloja & Bello, 2006; Boukoulou & Mbété, 2010 | |
| Nervous system diseases | Lim, 2012 | |
| Improves vision | Igwe et al., 2007 | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | Lim, 2012 | |
| Bark | Diarrhea | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 |
| Dysentery | ||
| Antibacterial activity | Adeniyi et al., 2004 | |
| Urinary tract infection | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 | |
| Hernia | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 | |
| Leaves, bark and root | Stomach aches | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 |
| Root | Diabetes | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 |
| Difficult childbirth | ||
| Leaves and nut | Cough | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 |
| Female sterility | Dah-Nouvlessounon et al., 2015 | |
| Early menopause | ||
| Bark and nut | Menses | Natabou, 1991 |
| Aphrodisiac | ||
| Leaves | Asthma | Lebbie & Guries, 1995 |
Figure 8.
Other uses of C. nitida.
Figure 9.
C. nitida in an agroforestry system in southern Benin (Source: Isabelle E.T. Tokannou).
Figure 10.
Morphological variability between C. nitida nuts (Source: Isabelle E.T. Tokannou).