What long-term care services may elderly people need in Beijing: evidence from the heterogeneous of physiological, psychological, and social characters†

Variables	All (100%)	Health (n = 4243, 70.7%)	Mild (n = 969, 16.1%)	Moderate (n = 465, 7.7%)	Severe (n = 320, 5.3%)	P-value
Gender						<0.001^a
Female	3624 (60.5)	2583^a, ^b (43.1)	600^a (10.0)	262^b (4.4)	179^a,b (3.0)
Male	2373 (39.5)	1660^a, ^b (27.7)	369^a (6.2)	203^b (3.4)	141^a,b (2.4)
Age (years), mean (SD)	78.8 (56.4)	76.1^b (47.6)	82.9^a,b (51.6)	89.4^a (85.4)	92.0^a (88.7)	<0.001^c
Education						<0.001^b
Illiteracy	395 (6.6)	199^c (4.7)	87^b (9.0)	54^b (11.6)	55^a (17.2)
Primary	1084 (18.0)	700^a (16.5)	185^b (19.1)	131^a,c (28.2)	68^c (21.3)
Junior high	1829 (30.4)	1361^b (32.1)	304^b (31.4)	99^a (21.3)	65^a (20.3)
Senior high	1376 (22.9)	1031^c (24.3)	212^b,c (21.9)	86^a,b (18.5)	47^a (14.7)
Junior college	720 (12.0)	542^a,c (12.8)	83^b (8.6)	56^c (12.0)	39^a,b,c (12.2)
College and above	593 (9.9)	410^b (9.7)	98^b (10.1)	39^b (8.4)	46^a (14.4)
Income, mean (SD)	4107 (3178)	4061^b (2965)	4052^b (2546)	4288^b (5335)	4634^a (3405)	<0.001^c
Marriage						<0.001^a
Married	4393 (73.2)	3288^c (77.5)	650^b (67.1)	270^a (58.1)	185^a (57.8)
Unmarried	1604 (26.8)	955^c (22.5)	319^b (32.9)	195^a (41.9)	135^a (42.2)
Living district						<0.001^b
Xi Cheng District	2705 (45.1)	1695^d (39.9)	475^c (49.0)	289^b (62.2)	246^a (76.9)
Dong Cheng District	653 (10.9)	513^c (12.1)	97^b,c (10.0)	32^b (6.9)	11^a (3.4)
Hai Dian District	63 (1.1)	45^a (1.1)	14^a (1.4)	3^a (0.6)	1^a (0.3)
Chao Yang District	1781 (29.7)	1389^d (32.7)	259^c (26.7)	95^b (20.4)	38^a (11.9)
Feng Tai District	759 (12.7)	579^c (13.6)	116^b,c (12.0)	43^a,b (9.2)	21^a (6.6)
Other District	36 (0.6)	22^a (0.5)	8^a (0.8)	3^a (0.6)	3^a (0.9)
Nation						0.328^b
Han nationality	5670 (94.6)	3999^a (94.2)	927^a (95.7)	442^a (95.0)	304^a (95.0)
Minority	325 (5.4)	244^a (5.8)	42^a (4.3)	23^a (5.0)	16^a (5.0)
Religion						0.161^b
No religion	5622 (93.7)	3967^b (93.5)	912^a (94.1)	434^a,b (93.3)	309^a (96.6)
Have religion	375 (6.3)	276^b (6.5)	57^a (5.9)	31^a,b (6.7)	11^a (3.4)

Note: CCI included hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), diabetes, CHD, stroke, OAD, and Parkinson disease; Polypharmacy means take 5 or more kind of drugs; Unmarried including single, divorced, widowed, separated, and other conditions; Different letter subscripts indicate significant differences in the proportion of columns; CHD, coronary heart disease; OHD, osteoarticular disease;

a Chi-square test;

b Fisher exact test;

c Analysis of variance.

Table 2.

Physiological characteristics of 4 clusters of older people (n = 5997), n (%).

Variables	All (100%)	Health (n = 4243, 70.7%)	Mild (n = 969, 16.1%)	Moderate (n = 465, 7.7%)	Severe (n = 320, 5.3%)	P-value
BMI (kg/m²)						<0.001^b
Skin	210 (3.5)	111^b (2.6)	33^b (3.4)	33^a (7.1)	33^a (10.3)
Normal	2669 (45.5)	1898^a (44.7)	447^a (46.1)	207^a (44.5)	147^a (45.9)
Overweight	2342 (3.9)	1717^b (40.5)	360^a,b (37.2)	168^a,b (36.1)	97^a (30.3)
Obesity	746(12.4)	517^a (12.2)	129^a (13.3)	57^a (12.3)	43^a (13.4)
Disease
Hypertension	4168 (69.5)	2942^a, ^b (69.3)	691^b (71.3)	334^b (71.8)	201^a (62.8)	0.023^a
COPD	160 (2.7)	75^c(1.8)	36^b (3.7)	24^a,b (5.2)	25^a (7.8)	<0.001^b
Diabetes	1725 (28.8)	1117^b (26.3)	310^a (32.0)	173^a (37.2)	125^a (39.1)	<0.001^a
CHD	1279 (21.6)	805^b (19.0)	257^a (26.5)	141^a (30.3)	94^a (29.4)	<0.001^a
Stroke	300 (5)	103^d (2.4)	44^c (4.5)	66 ^b (14.2)	87^a (27.2)	<0.001^b
OAD	1397 (23.3)	901^a (21.2)	299^c (30.9)	129^b, ^c(27.7)	68^a, ^b(21.3)	<0.001^a
Parkinson disease	135 (2.3)	38^d (0.9)	20^c (2.1)	28^b (6.0)	49^a (15.3)	<0.001^b
Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD)	1.81 (1.1)	1.65^c (0.9)	1.99^b (1.2)	2.35^a (1.3)	2.63^a (1.7)	<0.001^c
Number of drugs, mean (SD)	3.15 (2.5)	3.02^b (2.5)	3.12^b (2.3)	3.75^a (2.5)	4.16^a (2.9)	0.003^c
Polypharmacy	742 (12.4)	398^c (9.4)	134^b (13.8)	120^a (25.9)	90^a (28.1)	<0.001^a
Number of falls in the past 3 years, mean (SD)
0 time	4062 (67.7)	3086^a (72.7)	593^b (61.2)	211^c (45.4)	172^d (53.8)	<0.001^b
1 time	932 (15.5)	645^b (15.2)	171^b (17.6)	81^b (17.4)	35^a (10.9)
2 times	488 (8.1)	292^a (6.9)	101^b (10.4)	68^c (14.6)	27^a,b (28.4)
3 times and above	515 (8.5)	220^c (5.2)	104^b (10.7)	105^a (22.6)	86^a (26.9)
Vision mean (SD)						<0.001^b
Very clear	3008 (50.1)	2449^d (57.7)	395^c (40.8)	125^b (26.9)	39^a (12.2)
Clear	1907 (31.7)	1322^b (31.2)	370^c (38.2)	145^b (31.2)	70^a (21.9)
Unclear	891 (14.8)	427^d (10.1)	180^c (18.6)	150^b (32.3)	134^a (41.9)
Blind	191 (3.1)	45^d (1.1)	24^c (2.5)	45^b (9.7)	77^a (24.1)
Hearing, mean (SD)						<0.001^b
Very clear	4327 (72.1)	3438^d (81.0)	621^c (64.1)	197^b (42.4)	71^a (22.2)
Clear	1210 (20.1)	679^c (16.0)	270^a (27.9)	165^b (35.5)	96^a,b (30.0)
Unclear	377 (6.2)	115^d (2.7)	72^c (7.4)	85^b (18.3)	105^a (32.8)
Deaf	83 (1.3)	11^c (0.3)	6^c (0.6)	18^b (3.9)	48^a (15.0)
Hours of sleep in daytime						<0.001^b
0 h	1338 (22.3)	1072^b (25.3)	198^b (20.4)	48^a (10.3)	20^a (6.25)
1 h	3085 (51.4)	2355^b (55.5)	486^b (50.2)	178^a (38.3)	66^a (20.6)
2–3 h	1272 (21.2)	728^c (17.2)	249^b (25.7)	168^a (36.1)	127^a,b (39.7)
4 h and above	302 (5.04)	88^c (2.07)	36^c (3.72)	71^b (15.3)	107^a (33.4)

Note: CCI included hypertension, COPD, diabetes, CHD, stroke, OAD, and Parkinson disease; Polypharmacy means take 5 or more kind of drugs; Unmarried including single, divorced, widowed, separated, and other conditions; Different letter subscripts indicate significant differences in the proportion of columns; CHD, coronary heart disease; OHD, osteoarticular disease;

a Chi-square test;

b Fisher exact test;

c Analysis of variance.

Table 3.

Psychological and social characteristics of 4 clusters of older people (n = 5997), n (%).

Variables	All (100%)	Health (n = 4243, 70.7%)	Mild (n = 969, 16.1%)	Moderate (n = 465, 7.7%)	Severe (n = 320, 5.3%)	P-value
Feel depressed in the past 2 weeks						<0.001^b
Never	4217 (70.3)	3179^c (74.9)	625^b (64.5)	247^a (53.1)	166^a (51.9)
Occasionally	1454 (24.2)	919^b (21.7)	282^a (29.1)	159^a (34.2)	94^a (29.4)
Over half of time	189 (3.15)	92^b (2.17)	40^a (4.13)	34^a (7.31)	23^a (7.19)
Everyday	137 (2.28)	53^c (1.25)	22^c (2.27)	25^b (5.38)	37^a (11.6)
Lose interest in the past 2 weeks						<0.001^b
Never	4760 (79.4)	3571^c (84.2)	714^b (73.7)	298^a (64.1)	177^a (55.3)
Occasionally	1031 (17.2)	609^b (14.4)	217^a (22.4)	120^a (25.8)	85^a (26.6)
Over half of time	118 (1.97)	46^c (1.08)	25^a (2.58)	29^b (6.24)	18^a,b (5.62)
Everyday	88 (1.47)	17^d (0.40)	13^c (1.34)	18^b (3.87)	40^a (12.5)
Chat						0.004^b
With someone to chat	5342 (89.1)	3807^b (89.7)	859^a,b (88.6)	409^a,b (88.0)	267^a (83.4)
Without someone to chat	655 (10.9)	436^b (10.3)	110^a,b (11.4)	56^a,b (12.0)	53^a (16.6)
Family care						.
Family care about me much	3350 (55.9)	2356^a (55.5)	537^a (55.4)	259^a (55.7)	198^a (61.9)
Family care about me	2364 (39.4)	1698^a (40.0)	385^a (39.7)	176^a (37.8)	105^a (32.8)
Family care about me not much	251 (4.19)	172^a (4.05)	42^a (4.33)	24^a (5.16)	13^a (4.06)
Family didn’t care about me	32 (0.53)	17^a (0.40)	5^a (0.52)	6^a (1.29)	4^a (1.25)
Family support						<0.001^b
Family support me very support	2858 (47.7)	1950^c (46.0)	456^b,c (47.1)	245^b (52.7)	207^a (64.7)
Family support me	1995 (33.3)	1463^b (34.5)	308^a,b (31.8)	145^a,b (31.2)	79^a (24.7)
Family support me not much	973 (16.2)	712^b,c (16.8)	182^c (18.8)	57^a,b (12.3)	22^a (6.88)
Family doesn’t support me	171 (2.85)	118^a (2.78)	23^a (2.37)	18^a (3.87)	12^a (3.75)
Neighbor						<0.001^b
No neighbors care about you	1479 (24.7)	957^c (22.6)	229^c (23.6)	148^b (31.8)	145^a (45.3)
A little neighbors care about you	1048 (17.5)	731^a (17.2)	175^a (18.1)	90^a (19.4)	52^a (16.2)
Some neighbors care about you	1486 (24.8)	1054^a (24.8)	256^a (26.4)	109^a (23.4)	67^a (20.9)
Most neighbors care about you	1984 (33.1)	1501^c (35.4)	309^b,c (31.9)	118^a,b (25.4)	56^a (17.5)
Bothering						<0.001^b
Never told anyone	1612 (26.9)	1048^c (24.7)	240^c (24.8)	148^b (31.8)	176^a (55.0)
Told people if asked	2706 (45.1)	1975 ^b (46.5)	456^b (47.1)	195^b (41.9)	80^a (25.0)
Told few people	468 (7.80)	311^a (7.33)	84^a (8.67)	48^a (10.3)	25^a (7.81)
Told people initiatively	1211 (20.2)	909^c (21.4)	189^b,c (19.5)	74^a,b (15.9)	39^a (12.2)
Help						<0.001^b
Often find help when troubled	1989 (33.2)	1440^c (33.9)	287^b,c (29.6)	119^b (25.6)	143^a (44.7)
Sometimes find help when troubled	1219 (20.3)	852^a (20.1)	205^a (21.2)	102^a (21.9)	60^a (18.8)
Rarely find help when troubled	1116 (18.6)	808^b (19.0)	206^b (21.3)	74^b (15.9)	28^a (8.75)
Never find help when troubled	1673 (27.9)	1143^a (26.9)	271^a (28.0)	170^b (36.6)	89^a,b (27.8)

a Chi-square test;

b Fisher exact test;

c Analysis of variance.

Table 4.

Disordered multiple classification Logistic regression for physiological, psychological, and social characteristics among 4 clusters.

Variables	Mild (ref = health) OR (95% CI)	Moderate (ref = health) OR (95% CI)	Severe (ref = health) OR (95% CI)	Mild (ref = health) Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Moderate (ref = health) Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Severe (ref = health) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Gender
Male
Female	1.017 (0.763–1.354)	1.281 (0.992–1.654)	1.226 (0.975–1.541)	/	/	/
Age (years)
60–65
66–70	1.905^** (1.375–2.639)	1.468 (0.803–2.686)	3.997^* (1.209–13.206)	/	/	/
71–75	2.048^** (1.456–2.880)	2.357^** (1.288–4.313)	4.717^* (1.400–15.895)	/	/	/
76–80	2.500^*** (1.798–3.474)	3.786^*** (2.134–6.717)	8.837^*** (2.732–28.584)	/	/	/
81–85	3.786^*** (2.704–5.299)	7.502^*** (4.244–13.264)	25.202^*** (7.902–80.380)	/	/	/
86–90	6.273^*** (4.327–9.095)	17.984^*** (10.027–32.256)	77.765^*** (24.320–248.656)	/	/	/
91–101	9.013^* (5.404–15.033)	48.904^* (25.507–93.761)	213.555^* (64.469–707.410)	/	/	/
Education
Illiteracy
Primary	0.605^*** (0.448–0.816)	0.690^* (0.484–0.983)	0.351^*** (0.238–0.519)	/	/	/
Junior	0.511^*** (0.386–0.677)	0.268^*** (0.186–0.386)	0.173^*** (0.117–0.255)	/	/	/
Junior high	0.470^*** (0.351–0.630)	0.307^*** (0.212–0.446)	0.165^*** (0.109–0.251)	/	/	/
Senior	0.350^*** (0.249–0.493)	0.381^*** (0.253–0.572)	0.260^*** (0.167–0.405)	/	/	/
Collage and above	0.547^*** (0.391–0.764)	0.351^*** (0.225–0.547)	0.406^*** (0.265–0.622)	/	/	/
Income
Below 4000 4200 (70)
4000–10,000 1748 (29.1)	0.931(0.809–1.071)	1.047 (0.957–1.145)	1.543^*** (1.216–1.957)	/	/	/
Over 10,000 49 (0.9)	0.739(0.285–1.915)	1.601 (0.616–4.165)	5.425^*** (2.605–11.299)	/	/	/
Marriage
Married
Unmarried	1.689^*** (1.451–1.967)	2.488^*** (2.040–3.031)	2.513^*** (1.990–3.172)	/	/	/
BMI (kg/m²)
Normal
Skin	1.262 (0.845–1.887)	2.726^*** (1.801–4.125)	3.839^*** (2.514–5.861)	1.093(0.724–1.649)	2.046^*** (1.305–3.207)	2.536^** (1.580–4.071)
Over weight	0.890(0.764–1.038)	0.897 (0.725–1.111)	0.729^* (0.560–0.950)	0.961 (0.822–1.124)	1.054 (0.842–1.319)	0.895 (0.677–1.185)
Obesity	1.060(0.851–1.319)	1.011 (0.742–1.377)	1.074(0.754–1.529)	1.109 (0.887–1.388)	1.187 (0.857–1.642)	1.294 (0.886–1.891)
Comorbidities
1 disease
2–3 diseases	1.089^*** (1.007–1.693)	2.633^*** (1.759–3.941)	2.642^*** (2.136–3.266)	1.472^*** (1.268–1.709)	2.536^*** (2.031–3.167)	1.799^*** (1.381–2.343)
4 and above	3.335^*** (2.537–4.384)	6.233^*** (4.436–8.760)	7.386^*** (5.169–10.554)	3.129^*** (2.370–4.133)	5.777^*** (4.040–8.260)	6.342^*** (4.320–9.310)
Polypharmacy
Without polypharmacy
With polypharmacy	1.410^* (1.015–1.959)	2.768^*** (2.031–3.774)	3.331^*** (2.562–4.332)	1.178(0.947–1.464)	2.236^*** (1.736–2.881)	3.092^*** (2.337–4.090)
Vision
Very clear
Clear	1.735^*** (1.483–2.030)	2.149^*** (1.676–2.755)	3.325^*** (2.235–4.947)	1.636^*** (1.395–1.918)	2.135^*** (1.727–2.641)	2.601^*** (1.554–4.351)
Unclear	2.614^*** (2.131–3.205)	6.882^*** (5.314–8.914)	19.705^*** (13.596–28.560)	1.957^*** (1.516–2.526)	4.605^*** (3.492–6.072)	12.292^*** (7.647–19.760)
Blind	3.307^*** (1.992–5.488)	19.591^*** (12.485–30.744)	107.442^*** (66.146–174.521)	3.149^*** (2.103–4.714)	13.914^*** (9.427–20.537)	68.031^*** (40.744–113.594)
Hearing
Very clear
Clear	2.201^* (1.867–2.596)	4.241^* (3.395–5.299)	6.846^*** (4.983–9.406)	1.851^*** (1.559–2.197)	2.656^*** (2.220–3.556)	2.604^*** (3.285–6.378)
Unclear	3.466^* (2.551–4.711)	12.901^* (9.415–17.677)	44.218^*** (31.040–62.990)	2.810^*** (1.936–3.645)	6.873^*** (4.911–9.618)	18.237^*** (16.203–34.530)
Deaf	3.017^* (1.111–8.191)	28.564^* (13.309–61.305)	211.347^* (105.366–423.927)	4.577(0.954–7.108)	23.654^*** (8.274–40.197)	125.780^*** (60.933–259.637)
Number of falls in the past 3 years
0 time
1 time	1.380^*** (1.141–1.669)	1.837^*** (1.402–2.406)	0.974 (0.670–1.414)	1.337^** (1.102–1.622)	1.744^*** (1.318–2.309)	0.889 (0.604–1.308)
2 times	1.800^*** (1.412–2.295)	3.406^*** (2.527–4.591)	1.659^*** (1.087–2.533)	1.647^*** (1.287–2.109)	2.863^*** (2.091–3.921)	1.336 (0.858–2.078)
3 times and above	2.460^*** (1.918–3.157)	6.981^*** (5.323–9.155)	7.014^*** (5.234–9.399)	2.120^*** (1.646–2.732)	5.512^*** (4.141–7.338)	5.361^*** (3.915–7.340)
Hours of sleep in daytime
0 h
1 h	1.117 (0.933–1.338)	1.688^* (1.217–2.341)	1.502 (0.906–2.491)	1.045 (0.868–1.257)	1.370 (0.979–1.916)	1.165 (0.695–1.951)
2–3 h	1.852^*** (1.503–2.282)	5.154^*** (3.689–7.200)	9.351^*** (5.782–15.125)	1.620^*** (1.305–2.013)	3.604^** (2.544–5.106)	5.980^* (3.637–9.832)
4 h and above	2.215^*** (1.461–3.359)	18.020^*** (11.771–27.588)	65.179^*** (38.571–110.140)	1.765^** (1.151–2.706)	9.808^** (6.234–15.432)	32.881^* (18.898–57.211)
Feel depressed
Never
Occasionally	1.561^*** (1.332–1.829)	2.227^*** (1.801–2.754)	1.959^*** (1.505–2.550)	1.547^*** (1.316–1.819)	2.220^*** (1.774–2.777)	1.954^*** (1.476–2.587)
Over half of time	2.211^*** (1.511–3.237)	4.757^*** (3.144–7.198)	4.788^*** (2.954–7.759)	2.037^*** (1.381–3.006)	4.247^*** (2.742–6.662)	4.294^*** (2.542–7.252)
Everyday	2.111^*** (1.275–3.496)	6.072^*** (3.709–9.939)	13.368^*** (8.541–20.923)	1.927^* (1.154–3.218)	5.307^*** (3.148–8.947)	11.984^*** (7.233–19.856)
Lose interest
Never
Occasionally	1.782^*** (1.497–2.122)	2.361^*** (1.879–2.968)	2.816^*** (2.144–3.698)	1.779^*** (1.490–2.124)	2.358^*** (1.855–2.997)	2.895^*** (2.172–3.859)
Over half of time	2.718^*** (1.659–4.453)	7.554^***(4.677–12.203)	7.895^*** (4.485–13.896)	2.574^*** (1.563–4.240)	7.413^*** (4.479–12.269)	8.060^*** (4.428–14.673)
Everyday	3.825^*** (1.849–7.910)	12.689^*** (6.471–24.879)	47.474^*** (26.390–85.402)	3.320^*** (1.593–6.920)	10.071^*** (4.963–20.436)	37.919^*** (19.951–72.070)
Chat
With someone
Without someone	1.118(0.896–1.396)	1.196 (0.889–1.608)	1.733^*** (1.270–2.366)	1.006 (0.800–1.264)	0.991 (0.725–1.355)	1.488^* (1.062–2.085)
Family care
Family care about me much
Family care about me	0.995 (0.860–1.150)	0.943 (0.771–1.153)	0.736^* (0.576–0.940)	1.016 (0.876–1.178)	1.008 (0.816–1.245)	0.835 (0.644–1.083)
Family care about me not much	1.071(0.755–1.520)	1.269 (0.813–1.983)	0.899 (0.502–1.610)	1.049 (0.734–1.500)	1.308 (0.819–2.090)	0.939 (0.508–1.737)
Family didn’t care about me	1.290 (0.474–3.512)	3.210^* (1.255–8.214)	2.799 (0.933–8.400)	1.134 (0.409–3.147)	2.411 (0.861–6.750)	2.074 (0.606–7.099)
Family support
Family support me very support
Family support me	0.900 (0.767–1.056)	0.789^* (0.635–0.979)	0.509^** (0.389–0.665)	0.909 (0.772–1.069)	0.836 (0.666–1.049)	0.551^*** (0.415–0.731)
Family support me not much	1.093 (0.902–1.325)	0.637^** (0.472–0.861)	0.291^*** (0.186–0.455)	1.167 (0.958–1.422)	0.765 (0.558–1.048)	0.387^*** (0.243–0.615)
Family doesn’t support me	0.769 (0.447–1.322)	0.984 (0.519–1.866)	0.741 (0.339–1.620)	0.768 (0.443–1.331)	1.038 (0.530–2.033)	0.788 (0.344–1.802)
Neighbor
Most neighbors care about you
Some neighbors care about you	1.696^*** (1.124–2.558)	2.131^*** (1.468–3.094)	2.130^*** (1.530–2.966)	1.953^*** (1.313–2.906)	3.097^*** (2.152–4.457)	3.654^*** (2.605–5.126)
A little neighbors care about you	1.594^** (1.089–2.333)	2.419^*** (1.722–3.399)	2.383^*** (1.761–3.225)	1.578^** (1.074–2.320)	2.342^*** (1.647–3.329)	2.327^*** (1.682–3.218)
No neighbors care about you	2.064^* (1.395–3.055)	3.494^** (2.456–4.971)	4.061^** (2.952–5.586)	1.599^* (1.054–2.425)	1.822^** (1.240–2.677)	1.758^** (1.235–2.503)
Bothering
Told people initiatively
Told few people	2.898^*** (2.063–4.071)	4.180^*** (3.075–5.682)	4.146^*** (3.150–5.456)	2.238^*** (1.998–3.985)	3.285^*** (2.683–5.063)	3.456^*** (1.998–3.985)
Told people when they were asked	2.284^** (1.343–3.882)	2.464^*** (1.514–4.011)	2.090^*** (1.349–3.237)	2.350^** (1.375–4.015)	2.511^*** (1.519–4.150)	2.084^*** (1.375–4.015)
Never told anyone	2.256^** (1.446–3.521)	3.553^** (2.392–5.279)	3.914^** (2.736–5.599)	2.822^* (1.427–3.509)	3.685^** (2.186–4.936)	3.373^** (1.427–3.509)
Help
Often find help when troubled
Sometimes find help when troubled	2.043^*** (1.368–3.051)	1.072^*** (1.199–2.418)	1.410 (0.968–1.680)	2.521^*** (1.389–3.128)	1.770^*** (1.164–2.406)	1.612 (0.987–1.927)
Rarely find help when troubled	3.177^** (1.930–5.228)	3.667^*** (2.355–5.710)	2.867^** (1.895–4.338)	3.149^*** (1.906–5.204)	3.432^*** (2.182–5.397)	2.601^** (1.690–4.003)
Never find help when troubled	2.295^*** (1.612–3.268)	1.517^*** (1.110–2.074)	1.275^** (1.031–1.929)	2.085^*** (1.758–3.616)	1.674^*** (1.277–2.452)	1.379^*** (1.196–2.174)

Note: Adjusted OR was for sex, age, education, marriage, and income;

* P < 0.05;

** P < 0.01;

*** P < 0.001.

Mild, moderate, and severe disabled older people used health people as a reference.

The heatmap of need for long-term care services by functional status.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2026-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2544-8994 | Journal ISSN: 2097-5368

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Language: English

Page range: 317 - 331

Submitted on: Jan 9, 2026

Accepted on: Feb 12, 2026

Published on: Sep 25, 2026

Published by: Shanxi Medical Periodical Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

elderly people,

k-means clustering,

long-term care services,

Related subjects:

Assistive professions, nursing

© 2026 Ji-Yuan Liu, Yi-Jia Zhang, Ying Wu, published by Shanxi Medical Periodical Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 13 (2026): Issue 3 (September 2026)

What long-term care services may elderly people need in Beijing: evidence from the heterogeneous of physiological, psychological, and social characters†

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Figure 2.

Paradigm

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