Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Fatigue levels among study subjects as measured by the Piper Fatigue Scale (N=200)_
| Piper Fatigue Scale Sub-dimensions | Mild | Moderate | Sever | Mean | SD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| Behavioral/Severity | 13 | 6.5 | 162 | 81.0 | 25 | 12.5 | 34.69 | 9.9 |
| Affective Meaning | 50 | 25.0 | 115 | 57.5 | 35 | 17.5 | 26.34 | 10.7 |
| Sensory | 52 | 26.0 | 100 | 50.0 | 48 | 24.0 | 26.69 | 12.6 |
| Cognitive/Mood | 52 | 26.0 | 106 | 53.0 | 42 | 21.0 | 32.14 | 11.2 |
| Overall Fatigue | 36 | 18.0 | 146 | 73.0 | 18 | 9.0 | 116.74 | 31.8 |
Pearson Correlation between study variables (N=200)_
| Variables | Fatigue | Anxiety | Depression | Overall symptom distress | Ability to manage symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemodialysis session frequency | |||||
| Pearson correlation | –0.039 | –0.193 | 0.031 | -0.078 | -0.027 |
| P-value | 0.579 | 0.006** | 0.66 | 0.274 | 0.704 |
| Fatigue | |||||
| Pearson correlation | 0.287 | 0.148 | 0.325 | -0.21 | |
| P-value | < 0.001** | 0.036* | < 0.001** | 0.003** | |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Pearson correlation | 0.356 | 0.422 | –0.273 | ||
| P-value | < 0.001** | < 0.001** | < 0.001** | ||
| Depression | |||||
| Pearson correlation | 0.212 | 0.111 | |||
| P-value | 0.003** | 0.117 | |||
| Overall symptom distress | |||||
| Pearson correlation | –0.436 | ||||
| P-value | < 0.001** | ||||
Multiple linear regression model of psychological factors predicting fatigue (N = 200)_
| Items | Unstandardized coefficient | Standardized coefficient | t | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Sth. Error | B | |||
| Constant | 34.646 | 17.063 | 2.031 | 0.044 | |
| Total anxiety | 3.264 | 0.879 | 0.274 | 3.716 | <0.001** |
| Total depression | 1.913 | 0.426 | 0.305 | 4.489 | <0.001** |
| Overall symptom distress | 6.155 | 1.873 | 0.248 | 3.285 | 0.001** |
| Ability to manage symptoms | –1.163 | 1.337 | –0.062 | –0.869 | 0.386 |
| ANOVA | |||||
| Model | Df | F | |||
| Regression | 4 | 13.527 | <0.001** | ||
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Subjects (N=200)_
| Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| 18-30 | 33 | 16.5 |
| 30-50 | 105 | 52.5 |
| ≥ 50 | 62 | 31.0 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 97 | 48.5 |
| Female | 103 | 51.5 |
| Working Status | ||
| Working | 82 | 41.0 |
| Not working | 118 | 59.0 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 36 | 18.0 |
| Married | 104 | 52.0 |
| Widow/divorce | 60 | 30.0 |
| Level of Education | ||
| Primary | 61 | 30.5 |
| Secondary | 97 | 48.5 |
| Bachelor | 38 | 19.0 |
| Postgraduate | 4 | 2.0 |
| History of hemodialysis, years | ||
| < 1 | 49 | 24.5 |
| 1 to < 5 | 62 | 31.0 |
| 5 to < 10 | 64 | 32.0 |
| ≥ 10 | 25 | 12.5 |
| Frequency of dialysis sessions/Week | ||
| Two | 37 | 18.5 |
| Three | 163 | 81.5 |
| Duration of hemodialysis sessions, hours | ||
| < 3 | 8 | 2.0 |
| 3 | 41 | 20.5 |
| 4 | 151 | 75.5 |
Relation between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Subjects and Their Mean Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression Scores (N=200)_
| Variables | Anxiety | Depression | Fatigue | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Borderline | Abnormal | p-value | Normal | Borderline | Abnormal | p-value | Normal | Borderline | Abnormal | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 0.50 FET | 0.34 | 0.98 | |||||||||
| 18-30 | 1 | 9 | 23 | 13 | 5 | 15 | 7 | 23 | 3 | |||
| 30-50 | 2 | 19 | 84 | 59 | 15 | 31 | 18 | 78 | 9 | |||
| ≥50 | 3 | 9 | 50 | 36 | 10 | 16 | 11 | 45 | 6 | |||
| Gender | 0.38 FET | 0.01* | 0.53 | |||||||||
| Male | 3 | 14 | 80 | 47 | 22 | 28 | 17 | 69 | 11 | |||
| Female | 3 | 23 | 77 | 61 | 8 | 34 | 19 | 77 | 7 | |||
| Working Status | 0.58 FET | 0.64 | 0.78 | |||||||||
| Working | 3 | 18 | 61 | 46 | 10 | 26 | 15 | 61 | 6 | |||
| Not working | 3 | 19 | 96 | 62 | 20 | 36 | 21 | 85 | 12 | |||
| Marital status | 0.09 FET | 0.40 | 0.94 | |||||||||
| Single | 1 | 12 | 23 | 15 | 5 | 16 | 8 | 25 | 3 | |||
| Married | 2 | 15 | 87 | 60 | 16 | 28 | 17 | 78 | 9 | |||
| Widow/divorce | 3 | 10 | 47 | 33 | 9 | 18 | 11 | 43 | 6 | |||
| Level of Education | 0.25 FET | 0.87 | 0.72 FET | |||||||||
| Primary | 3 | 5 | 53 | 34 | 10 | 17 | 8 | 45 | 8 | |||
| Secondary | 2 | 19 | 76 | 51 | 16 | 30 | 18 | 72 | 7 | |||
| Bachelor | 2 | 7 | 29 | 21 | 3 | 14 | 9 | 26 | 3 | |||
| Postgraduate | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |||
| History of the Hemodialysis,years | 0.22 FET | 0.17 | 0.52 FET | |||||||||
| < 1 | 0 | 9 | 40 | 20 | 13 | 16 | 8 | 35 | 6 | |||
| 1 to < 5 | 0 | 13 | 49 | 38 | 5 | 19 | 9 | 48 | 5 | |||
| 5 to < 10 | 4 | 11 | 49 | 36 | 8 | 20 | 15 | 46 | 3 | |||
| ≥ 10 | 2 | 4 | 19 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 17 | 4 | |||
| No of dialysis sessions/Week | 0.17 FET | 0.38 | 0.69 | |||||||||
| Two | 0 | 4 | 33 | 23 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 28 | 4 | |||
| Three | 6 | 33 | 124 | 85 | 24 | 54 | 31 | 118 | 14 | |||
| Duration of hemodialysis sessions, hours | 0.77 FET | 0.35 FET | 0.88 FET | |||||||||
| < 3 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 0 | |||
| 3 | 1 | 5 | 35 | 26 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 31 | 3 | |||
| 4 | 5 | 30 | 116 | 77 | 25 | 49 | 27 | 109 | 15 | |||