Figure 1.
Baseline characteristics of caregivers and PLWD (N = 80)_
| Baseline characteristics and category | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| <45 | 45 | 56.2 |
| >45 | 35 | 43.8 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1 | 1.2 |
| Female | 79 | 98.8 |
| Educational background | ||
| Up to XII grade | 44 | 55 |
| Above XII grade | 36 | 45 |
| Current occupation | ||
| Homemaker | 66 | 82.5 |
| Private service | 2 | 2.5 |
| Own business | 12 | 15 |
| Family income per month (rupees) | ||
| Up to 30,000 | 46 | 57.5 |
| >30,000 | 34 | 42.5 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 73 | 91.2 |
| Unmarried | 2 | 2.5 |
| Widow/widower | 5 | 6.2 |
| Relationship to the care recipient | ||
| Wife | 15 | 18.8 |
| Daughters-in-law | 46 | 57.5 |
| Daughter | 15 | 18.8 |
| Son | 1 | 1.2 |
| Others | 3 | 3.75 |
| Place of living | ||
| Urban | 8 | 10 |
| Semi-urban | 19 | 23.8 |
| Rural | 53 | 66.2 |
| Years of caring | ||
| <4 | 45 | 56.2 |
| >4 | 35 | 43.8 |
| Duration of caring per day | ||
| Up to 2 h | 32 | 40 |
| 2–4 h | 48 | 60 |
| Suffering from chronic illness | ||
| Yes | 37 | 46.2 |
| No | 43 | 53.8 |
| Support in giving care | ||
| Given support in caring | 44 | 55 |
| Not given support in caring | 36 | 45 |
Correlation between knowledge and coping strategies among the caregivers of PLWD (N = 80)_
| Variables | Knowledge | Coping |
|---|---|---|
| Knowledge | - | |
| Coping | 0.659* | - |
Role of sociodemographic variables on knowledge scores and coping strategies scores (N = 80)_
| Outcome | Sociodemographic variable | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hours of care | Knowledge* | <0.001 | ||
| Up to 4 h | 24 (6.64) | 23.5 (12) | ||
| >4 h | 16.7 (5.13) | 16.0 (8) | ||
| Coping# | <0.001 | |||
| Up to 4 h | 66.9 (7.68) | 67.0 (10.75) | ||
| >4 h | 56.9 (4.42) | 57.5 (5.50) | ||
| Caregiver education | Knowledge | 0.139 | ||
| XII and below | 18.4 (5.98) | 17.0 (7.25) | ||
| Above XII grade | 21.0 (7.47) | 19.5 (12.50) | ||
| Coping# | 0.006 | |||
| XII and below | 58.7 (5.96) | 58.5 (6.50) | ||
| Above XII grade | 63.6 (8.77) | 64.5 (13.50) | ||
| Chronic illness among caregivers | Knowledge | 0.456 | ||
| Chronically ill | 20.2 (7.18) | 18.0 (8.0) | ||
| Not chronically ill | 18.9 (6.31) | 18.0 (9.0) | ||
| Coping# | <0.001 | |||
| Chronically ill | 62.5 (8.01) | 62.0 (12.0) | ||
| Not chronically ill | 59.1 (7.01) | 58.0 (5.0) | ||
| Family income | Knowledge | 0.251 | ||
| ≤30,000 rupees per month | 18.7 (5.94) | 18.0 (8.75) | ||
| >30,000 rupees per month | 20.8 (7.69) | 19.0 (11.50) | ||
| Coping# | <0.001 | |||
| ≤30,000 rupees per month | 59.0 (6.68) | 58.0 (10.3) | ||
| >30,000 rupees per month | 63.5 (8.31) | 61.5 (12.8) | ||
| Brief COPE—Emotion-focused coping | Caregivers’ education* | <0.001 | ||
| XII and below | 21.2 (3.84) | 20.0 (6.0) | ||
| Above XII grade | 25.2 (5.37) | 26.0 (8.0) | ||
| Monthly income* | <0.009 | |||
| ≤30,000 rupees per month | 21.7 (4.30) | 20.0 (7.50) | ||
| >30,000 rupees per month | 24.8 (5.37) | 26.0 (8.0) | ||
| Hours of care given per day# | <0.001 | |||
| Up to 4 h | 26.9 (4.54) | 28.0 (4.5) | ||
| >4 h | 20.4 (3.27) | 20.0 (4.0) | ||
| Chronic illness among caregivers* | <0.029 | |||
| Chronically ill | 24.1 (4.99) | 26.0 (9.0) | ||
| Not chronically ill | 21.7 (4.74) | 20.0 (6.0) | ||
| Brief COPE—Problem-focused coping | Caregivers’ education* | 0.004 | ||
| XII and below | 10.7 (4.57) | 9.50 (5.25) | ||
| Above XII grade | 14.9 (6.64) | 14.0 (13.75) | ||
| Hours of care given per day* | <0.001 | |||
| Up to 4 h | 17.72 (5.78) | 18.0 (8.50) | ||
| >4 h | 9.19 (2.76) | 8.0 (3.25) | ||
| Chronic illness among caregivers* | 0.017 | |||
| Chronically ill | 14.1 (6.11) | 14.0 (10.0) | ||
| Not chronically ill | 10.9 (5.31) | 9.0 (4.0) | ||
| Brief COPE—Dysfunctional coping | Caregivers’ education# | <0.001 | ||
| XII and below | 26.8 (3.64) | 27.0 (5.25) | ||
| Above XII grade | 23.4 (3.90) | 23.0 (5.25) |
Knowledge scores and coping strategies scores of the caregivers of PLWD (N = 80)_
| Domain | Mean | SD | Minimum score | Maximum score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge domain scores | ||||
| Causes and characteristics (0–14) | 6.80 | 2.78 | 2 | 14 |
| Communication and behavior (0–12) | 3.85 | 2.49 | 0 | 10 |
| Care considerations (0–12) | 4.34 | 2.31 | 0 | 10 |
| Risk and health promotion (0–12) | 4.60 | 2.67 | 0 | 12 |
| Overall knowledge scores (0–50) | 19.59 | 6.77 | 10 | 36 |
| Coping strategies scores | 23 | 4.99 | 16 | 34 |
| Emotion-focused coping (10–40) | ||||
| Problem-focused coping (6–24) | 12.60 | 5.94 | 6 | 24 |
| Dysfunctional coping (12–48) | 25.30 | 4.10 | 18 | 33 |
| Total scores (28–112) | 60.90 | 7.70 | 48 | 80 |
Baseline characteristics of PLWD (N = 80)_
| Baseline characteristics and category | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| <70 | 23 | 28.8 |
| >70 | 57 | 71.2 |
| Gender | ||
| Women | 48 | 60 |
| Men | 32 | 40 |
| Years of dementia | ||
| <5 | 62 | 77.5 |
| >5 | 18 | 22.5 |
| Type of dementia | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 39 | 48.8 |
| Vascular dementia | 3 | 3.8 |
| Fronto-temporal lobe dementia | 1 | 1.2 |
| Alcoholic dementia | 3 | 3.8 |
| Moderate dementia | 8 | 10 |
| Advanced dementia | 14 | 17.5 |
| Others | 12 | 15 |
| Habits | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 16 | 20 |
| Tobacco chewing | 5 | 6.2 |
| Smoking | 14 | 17.5 |
| History of past surgeries | ||
| Past surgeries | 22 | 27.5 |
| Head injury | 5 | 6.2 |