Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Model fit indices for K-ANSEs subscales from confirmatory factory analysis_
| Items | χ2 (P) | Normed χ2 | CFI | TLI | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original model K-ANSEs | 250.03 (<0.001) | 3.52 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
| Modified model K-ANSE (deleted items 5 and 7) | 141.08 (<0.001) | 2.94 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Modified K-ANSE (deleted items 5 and 7) Second-order hierarchical model | 148.43 (<0.001) | 2.97 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
General characteristics of participants_
| Variables | Total (N = 444), n (%) or M ± SD | Participants for EFA (n = 140), n (%) or M ± SD | Participants for CFA (n = 304), n (%) or M ± SD | t/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 22.94 ± 4.21 | 23.07 ± 4.93 | 22.88 ± 3.84 | 0.46 | 0.648 |
| Grade | 7.20 | 0.066 | |||
| Freshman | 11 (2.5) | 5 (3.5) | 6 (2.0) | ||
| Sophomore | 234 (52.7) | 76 (54.3) | 158 (52.0) | ||
| Junior | 105 (23.6) | 39 (27.9) | 66 (21.7) | ||
| Senior | 94 (21.2) | 20 (14.3) | 74 (24.3) | ||
| Gender | 1.33 | 0.248 | |||
| Female | 367 (82.7) | 120 (85.7) | 247 (81.3) | ||
| Male | 77 (17.3) | 20 (14.3) | 57 (18.8) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.31 | 0.577 | |||
| With family or relative | 303 (68.2) | 93 (66.4) | 210 (69.1) | ||
| Independent | 141 (31.8) | 47 (33.6) | 94 (30.9) | ||
| Stress degree | 0.59 | 0.745 | |||
| Little | 78 (17.6) | 22 (15.7) | 56 (18.4) | ||
| Moderate | 243 (54.7) | 77 (55.0) | 166 (54.6) | ||
| A lot | 123 (27.7) | 41 (29.3) | 82 (27.0) | ||
| Regular exercise | 0.003 | 0.96 | |||
| Yes | 180 (40.5) | 57 (40.7) | 123 (40.5) | ||
| No | 264 (59.5) | 83 (59.3) | 181 (59.5) | ||
| Reason to choose nursing major | 11.83 | 0.066 | |||
| Guaranteed employment | 165 (37.2) | 45 (32.1) | 120 (39.5) | ||
| Advice from others | 60 (13.5) | 16 (11.4) | 44 (14.5) | ||
| Aptitude and interest | 66 (14.9) | 29 (20.7) | 37 (12.2) | ||
| Dreams from childhood | 50 (11.3) | 11 (7.9) | 39 (12.8) | ||
| Help others | 56 (12.6) | 22 (15.7) | 34 (11.2) | ||
| Economically guaranteed | 29 (6.5) | 12 (8.6) | 17 (5.6) | ||
| Can keep my major | 18 (4.1) | 5 (3.6) | 13 (4.3) | ||
| Average GPA | 1.55 | 0.817 | |||
| 2< GPA ≤2.5 | 8 (1.8) | 4 (2.9) | 4 (1.3) | ||
| 2.5< GPA ≤3.0 | 31 (7.0) | 9 (6.4) | 22 (7.2) | ||
| 3.0< GPA ≤3.5 | 84 (18.9) | 28 (20.0) | 56 (18.4) | ||
| 3.5< GPA ≤4.0 | 179 (40.3) | 55 (39.3) | 124 (40.8) | ||
| 4.0< GPA | 142 (32.0) | 44 (31.4) | 98 (32.2) |
Results of CFA, convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability test of final K-ANEs (N = 304)_
| Dimensions and items | β | B | SE | C.R. | P | CR | AVE | Cronbach’s α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal emotion management | 0.76 | 0.52 | 0.76 | |||||
| 1 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.09 | 10.99 | <0.001 | |||
| 2 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.08 | 9.46 | <0.001 | |||
| 3 | 0.72 | 1 | Fix | Fix | Fix | |||
| Auto-regulatory behavior | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.77 | |||||
| 4 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 0.13 | 8.88 | <0.001 | |||
| 6 | 0.77 | 1 | Fix | Fix | Fix | |||
| External emotion management | 0.86 | 0.61 | 0.89 | |||||
| 8 | 0.8 | 1.09 | 0.07 | 14.89 | <0.001 | |||
| 9 | 0.82 | 1.03 | 0.07 | 15.27 | <0.001 | |||
| 10 | 0.79 | 1 | Fix | Fix | Fix | |||
| 11 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.07 | 15.64 | <0.001 | |||
| Sociality | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.7 | |||||
| 12 | 0.5 | 0.64 | 0.09 | 7.15 | <0.001 | |||
| 13 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 8.7 | <0.001 | |||
| 14 | 0.77 | 1 | Fix | Fix | Fix | |||
| Total | 0.87 |
Items’ distribution and EFA of the K-ANSE’s (N = 140)_
| Items | M(SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | External emotion management | Internal emotion management | Sociality | Auto-regulatory behavior | Communalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item1 | 3.33 (1.01) | −0.40 | −0.23 | 0.352 | 0.773 | 0.145 | −0.014 | 0.742 |
| Item2 | 3.64 (0.96) | −0.29 | −0.41 | 0.144 | 0.852 | 0.129 | 0.151 | 0.786 |
| Item3 | 3.41 (1.14) | −0.38 | −0.73 | 0.266 | 0.769 | 0.162 | 0.119 | 0.702 |
| Item4 | 3.61 (1.08) | −0.54 | −0.44 | 0.308 | 0.025 | 0.262 | 0.674 | 0.618 |
| Item5 | 4.45 (0.84) | −1.38 | 0.88 | −0.279 | 0.151 | 0.026 | 0.660 | 0.536 |
| Item6 | 3.72 (1.05) | −0.60 | −0.22 | 0.477 | −0.066 | 0.064 | 0.727 | 0.764 |
| Item7 | 4.39 (0.82) | −1.30 | 1.13 | −0.138 | 0.118 | 0.102 | 0.744 | 0.597 |
| Item8 | 2.84 (1.18) | 0.24 | −0.74 | 0.771 | 0.312 | −0.024 | 0.047 | 0.695 |
| Item9 | 2.70 (1.16) | 0.27 | −0.79 | 0.884 | 0.151 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 0.804 |
| Item10 | 3.08 (1.09) | −0.12 | −0.61 | 0.804 | 0.160 | 0.213 | −0.016 | 0.718 |
| Item11 | 2.94 (1.08) | 0.16 | −0.63 | 0.825 | 0.314 | 0.172 | −0.003 | 0.809 |
| Item12 | 4.00 (0.91) | −0.69 | 0.00 | 0.115 | 0.087 | 0.770 | 0.266 | 0.685 |
| Item13 | 3.83 (0.94) | −0.64 | 0.07 | 0.073 | 0.260 | 0.834 | 0.001 | 0.769 |
| Item14 | 3.94 (0.92) | −0.32 | −0.96 | 0.056 | 0.062 | 0.804 | 0.098 | 0.664 |
| Eigenvalue | 3.36 | 2.28 | 2.16 | 2.09 | ||||
| Variance (%) | 24.00 | 16.29 | 15.43 | 14.93 | ||||
| Cumulated total variance (%) | 24.00 | 40.28 | 55.71 | 70.64 |
Korean version of the ANSE questionnaire scores (N = 304)_
| Factors and items | How much are you confident with | M (SD) | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1 | Internal emotion management | 3.40 (0.81) | ||||
| Item1 | Controlling anxiety in front of a problem | 3.25 (0.94) | 1 | 5 | −0.23 | −0.40 |
| Item2 | Keeping calm during an exam | 3.67 (0.94) | 1 | 5 | −0.57 | −0.06 |
| Item3 | Avoiding discouraging myself in adversity | 3.29 (1.09) | 1 | 5 | −0.17 | −0.73 |
| Factor 2 | Auto-regulatory Behavior | 4.08 (0.65) | ||||
| Item4 | Resisting the pressure of friends for doing some things that risk getting you into a trouble | 3.63 (1.12) | 1 | 5 | −0.55 | −0.55 |
| Item5 | Resisting the temptation not to go to the lesson if you feel bored (deleted in final version) | 4.51 (0.84) | 1 | 5 | −1.92 | 3.37 |
| Item6 | Avoiding the insistence of friends who ask you to do some things that you think would be better to avoid | 3.69 (1.05) | 1 | 5 | −0.52 | −0.54 |
| Item7 | Avoiding committing transgressions even when the risk of sanction is minimal (deleted in final version) | 4.47 (0.77) | 2 | 5 | −1.44 | 1.50 |
| Factor 3 | External emotion management | 2.92 (0.98) | ||||
| Item8 | Do not spiritless when you are criticized | 2.93 (1.20) | 1 | 5 | 0.14 | −0.98 |
| Item9 | Containing shame after making a bad impression in front of the class | 2.75 (1.12) | 1 | 5 | 0.32 | −0.65 |
| Item10 | Overcoming the embarrassment of having made a “gaffe” with a person to the judgment of which you care a lot | 3.04 (1.13) | 1 | 5 | −0.07 | −0.91 |
| Item11 | Dominating shame when your frailties have highlighted in front of the class | 2.94 (1.08) | 1 | 5 | −0.02 | −0.88 |
| Factor 4 | Sociality | 3.93 (0.76) | ||||
| Item12 | Ensuring me the help of other students when necessary | 3.95 (0.95) | 1 | 5 | −0.80 | 0.14 |
| Item13 | Helping a colleague in difficulty in the study | 3.90 (0.96) | 1 | 5 | −0.82 | 0.56 |
| Item14 | Helping in creating a good atmosphere among students | 3.93 (0.97) | 1 | 5 | −0.77 | 0.38 |
Correlation coefficients between the 12-item K-ANSEs and ASEs (N = 304)_
| Items | 12-item K-ANSE total | F1 = Internal emotion management | F2 = Auto-regulatory behavior | F3 = External emotion management | F4 = Sociality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic self-efficacy total | 0.63 (<0.001) | 0.53 (<0.001) | 0.36 (<0.001) | 0.48 (<0.001) | 0.51 (<0.001) |
| F1 = Task difficulty preference | 0.38 (<0.001) | 0.35 (<0.001) | 0.16 (0.005) | 0.34 (<0.001) | 0.24 (<0.001) |
| F2 = Self-regulatory efficacy | 0.44 (<0.001) | 0.31 (<0.001) | 0.29 (<0.001) | 0.27 (<0.001) | 0.49 (<0.001) |
| F3 = Self-confidence | 0.59 (<0.001) | 0.52 (<0.001) | 0.35 (<0.001) | 0.46 (<0.001) | 0.43 (<0.001) |