Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 677).
| Variables | Frequency (Percentage) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Iran | Ghana | Uganda | |
| Age, years | ||||
| 20–30 | 46 (69.7) | 103 (45.8) | 93 (41.2) | 68 (42.5) |
| 31–40 | 6 (9.1) | 73 (32.4) | 127 (56.2) | 89 (55.6) |
| >40 | 14 (21.2) | 49 (21.8) | 6 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 39 (59.1) | 35 (15.6) | 120 (53.1) | 86 (53.8) |
| Female | 26 (39.4) | 181 (80.4) | 106 (46.9) | 74 (46.3) |
| None-response | 1 (1.5) | 9 (4) | ||
| Education level | ||||
| 12th Grade (enrolled) | 18 (27.3) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 6 (3.8) |
| 14th Grade (diploma) | 6 (9.1) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 26 (16.3) |
| Bachelor | 42 (63.6) | 199 (88.4) | 124 (54.9) | 100 (62.5) |
| MSc | 17 (7.6) | 70 (31) | 28 (17.5) | |
| PhD | 26 (11.5) | |||
| None-response | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Kind of duties | ||||
| Full-time | 49 (74.2) | 174 (77.3) | 101 (44.7) | 154 (96.3) |
| Part-time | 16 (24.2) | 26 (11.6) | 109 (48.2) | 5 (3.1) |
| None-response | 1 (1.5) | 25 (11.1) | 16 (7.1) | 1 (0.6) |
| Working experience, years | ||||
| 0–5 | 41 (62.1) | 92 (40.9) | 93 (41.2) | 75 (46.9) |
| 6–10 | 6 (9.1) | 39 (17.3) | 127 (56.2) | 74 (46.3) |
| 11–20 | 2 | 43 (19.1) | 6 (2.7) | 11 (6.9) |
| >20 | 17 (3) | 51 (22.7) | ||
Table 2
Descriptive statistics for the self-reported EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skills.
| Co-efficient | EBPQ Subscales | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Practice/use (n = 668) | Attitude (n = 674) | Knowledge/skills (n = 622) | |
| Mean score | 23.1 | 19.5 | 61.3 |
| Standard deviation | 10.7 | 6.06 | 17.4 |
| Range | 6–54 | 4–36 | 14–126 |
| Median | 23 | 20 | 63 |
[i] Note: EBPQ, Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire.
Table 3
Descriptive statistics for the different countries self-reported EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skills by country.
| EBPQ subscale score | Afghanistan (n = 65) | Ghana (n = 226) | Iran (n = 225) | Uganda (n = 160) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practice score | 23.4 (SD = 8.7) | 21.3 (SD = 10.1) | 26.5 (SD = 11.3) | 20.7 (SD = 10.1) | <0.001 |
| Attitude score | 16.4 (SD = 5.4) | 20 (SD = 5.7) | 20 (SD = 6.4) | 19.6 (SD = 5.9) | <0.001 |
| Knowledge score | 43.0 (SD = 15.8) | 60.1 (SD = 14.5) | 67 (SD = 19.2) | 59.3 (SD = 14.1) | <0.001 |
[i] Note: EBP, evidence-based practice; EBPQ, Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire.
Table 4
Descriptive statistics for different EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skill by age, gender, education level, work schedule, and working experience.
| Variations | EBQ subscale, mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Practice | Attitude | Knowledge | |
| Age | |||
| 20–30 | 23.3 (10.5) | 18.9 (5.9) | 59.7 (17.3) |
| 30–40 | 22.5 (10.5) | 20.0 (5.9) | 61.9 (15.5) |
| >40 | 25.4 (12.1) | 20.3 (6.9) | 64.7 (23.3) |
| P value (r) | 0.438 (0.03) | 0.148 (0.05) | 0.57 (0.08) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 22.8 (10.2) | 19.2 (5.6) | 60.8 (15.8) |
| Female | 23.4 (11) | 19.9 (6.3) | 61.4 (18.4) |
| P value (χ2) | 0.81 | 0.199 | 0.558 |
| Education | |||
| 12th grade | 19.5 (9.7) | 15.4 (6.4) | 40.2 (17.6) |
| 14th grade | 21.6 (9.4) | 19.9 (5.5) | 60.6 (13.5) |
| BSC | 23.4 (11) | 19.1 (6.1) | 61.6 (14.7) |
| MSC | 23.7 (10.1) | 21.4 (5) | 63.9 (17.7) |
| PhD | 22.1 (9.5) | 23.7 (4.4) | 69.3 (8.8) |
| P value (χ2) | 0.438 (0.03) | 0.148 (0.05) | 0.57 (0.08) |
| Work schedules | |||
| Full-time | 22.9 (10.7) | 19.8 (6.0) | 61.1 (17.1) |
| Part-time | 24.0 (9.4) | 17.8 (5.8) | 60 (18.7) |
| P value (χ2) | 0.005* | 0.293 | 0.004* |
| Working experience | |||
| 0–5 | 22.9 (10.5) | 19.1 (6) | 59 (17) |
| 6–10 | 22.7 (10.4) | 19.8 (5.8) | 61.7 (14.1) |
| 11–20 | 24.6 (11.6) | 19.8 (5.8) | 61.7 (14.1) |
| >20 | 24.6 (11.3) | 18.9 (6.5) | 58.3 (22.3) |
| P value (χ2) | 0.384 | <0.001 | 0.033* |