Evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children

Jia, Rui-Min; Yan, Xiao-Ning; Sun, Jing

doi:10.2478/fon-2020-0028

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents and children can cause serious consequences that lead researchers to pay efforts to study in such area. Presently, MS definition is still not standardized. Different versions of MS definition have been used by numerous studies, which may be a problem to identify MS and then to predict and prevent clinical diseases. The pediatric literature shows that insulin resistance and obesity might be the key underlying pathophysiology of MS to cause many related diseases. High prevalence of MS is in overweight and obese children and adolescents. This article focuses on such above issues and also effects of MS on two main disease outcomes: cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

References

Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Namayandeh SM, Karimi A, Fallahzadeh H, et al. The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (type II) and its related risk factors: a 10-year longitudinal study of Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort (YHHC). Iran Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:1437–1441.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Early programming of glucose–insulin metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:368–373.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MacPherson M, de Groh M, Loukine L, Prud’homme D, Dubois L. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents: Canadian health measures survey cycle 1 (2007–2009) and cycle 2 (2009–2011). Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2016;36:32–40.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Faienza MF, Wang DQ H, Frühbeck G, et al. The dangerous link between childhood and adulthood predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:175–182.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nambiar S, Truby H, Davies PS, Baxter K. Use of the waist-height ratio to predict metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49:E281–E287.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–2497.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427–436.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:821–827.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. adolescents, 1999–2000. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2438–2443.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson WS, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the international diabetes federation. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:587–589.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cruz ML, Weigensberg MJ, Huang TT-K, Ball G, Shaibi GQ, Goran MI. The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:108–113.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Benmohammed K. Metabolic syndrome in adolescents: definition based on regression of IDF adult cut-off point. Public Health. 2016;141:88–94.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cook WK, Tseng W, Tam C, et al. Ethnic-group socioeconomic status as an indicator of community-level disadvantage: a study of overweight/obesity in Asian American adolescents. Soc Sci Med. 2017;184:15–22.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Francisco V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Pino J, et al. Adipokines: linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;165:196–206.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Morrison JA, et al. Interrelationships between the severity of metabolic syndrome, insulin and adiponectin and their relationship to future type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Int J Obes. 2016;40:1353–1359.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Osei K, Gaillard T. Disparities in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Blacks and Whites: dissecting racial paradox of metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8:1–10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Soliman HM, Mosaad YO, Ibrahim A. The prevalence and the clinical profile of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:1723–1732.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Belhayara MI, Mellouk Z, Hamdaoui MS, et al. Relationship between the insulin resistance and circulating predictive biochemical markers in metabolic syndrome among young adults in western Algeria. Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:504–509.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nagrani R, Foraita R, Gianfagna F, et al. Common genetic variation in obesity, lipid transfer genes and risk of metabolic syndrome: results from IDEFICS/I. Family study and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:7189–7202.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Radetti G, Fanolla A, Grugni G, et al. Indexes of adiposity and body composition in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: which is the best? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29:1189–1196.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barseem NF, Helwa MA. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance as a predictor of metabolic syndrome: consequences of obesity in children and adolescents. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette. 2015;63:19–23.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, et al. Obestatin and growth hormone reveal the interaction of central obesity and other cardio metabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep, 2020;10:5495–5505.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gaston SA, Tulve NS, Ferguson TF. Abdominal obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;30:30–36.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mansyur MA, Bakri S, Patellongi IJ, et al. The association between\metabolic syndrome components, low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Indonesian adolescent male. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019;001:1–6.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lin CY, Huang PC, Wu C, et al. Association between urine lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and young adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;223:248–255.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Aguirre PF, Coca A, Aguirre MF, et al. Waist-to-height ratio and sedentary lifestyle as predictors of metabolic syndrome in children in Ecuador. Hipertensión riesgo vascular, 2018;35:101–109.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children

Abstract

Paradigm

My account