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Strategic Pathways to Success: Exploring the Effect of Generic Competitive Strategies on Competitive Advantage

Foundations of Management

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

By: Noha AHMED

Open Access

|Sep 2026

Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Research model, created by the researcher.

Table 1

Reliability and validity coefficients of study variables.

Variables and symbols	Cronbach’s alpha	Validity
Cost leadership strategy (CLS) X ₁	0.989	0.990
Differentiation strategy (DS) X ₂	0.980	0.989
Focus strategy (FS) X ₃	0.989	0.995
Generic competitive strategies (GCS) X	0.978	0.989
Competitive advantage (CA) Y	0.977	0.995
Minimum value	0.977	0.989

(Source: Author’s own research)

Table 2

Shapiro–Wilk and Levene’s test results for normality and homogeneity.

Tests of normality and equal variance	Shapiro–Wilk statistic	P-value
CLS X ₁	0.997	0.059
DS X ₂	0.984	0.062
FS X ₃	0.993	0.342
GCS X	0.997	0.537
CA Y	0.987	0.532
Levene’s test	0.987	0.552

(Source: Author’s own research)

Table 3

Correlation matrix of independent and dependent variables.

Independent variables/dependent variable		CA Y
CLS X ₁	R	61.0%
CLS X ₁	Sig. value	<0.001
DS X ₂	R	93.2%
DS X ₂	Sig. value	<0.001
FS X ₃	R	67.1%
FS X ₃	Sig. value	<0.001

(Source: Author’s own research)

Table 4

Correlation matrix of the main independent and dependent variable.

Variables		GCS X
CA Y	R	87.8%
CA Y	Sig.	<0.001

(Source: Author’s own research)

Table 5

ANOVA summary for regression models.

Models	Dependent variable	Independent variables	R ²	Sig.
Model 1: Y = f(X)	CA Y	GCS X	77.2%	<0.001
Model 2: Y = f(X ₁)	CA Y	CLS X ₁	37.2%	<0.001
Model 3: Y = f(X ₂)	CA Y	DS X ₂	86.8%	<0.001
Model 4: Y = f(X ₃)	CA Y	FS X ₃	45.1%	<0.001

(Source: Author’s own research)

Table A1

Coefficients of regression models, standard error (SE), t-statistic, 95% confidence intervals.

Models	Coefficient	SE	T-statistic	Sig.	LL	UL
Intercept	−0.040	0.082	−0.485	0.628	−0.202	0.122
GCS (X)	1.031	0.023	44.965	<0.001	0.986	1.076
R-squared	77.20%
	Model 2: Y = f ( X ₁)
Intercept	0.924	0.145	6.371	<0.001	0.639	1.208
CLS (X ₁)	0.724	0.038	18.824	<0.001	0.648	0.799
R-squared	37.20%
	Model 3: Y = f ( X ₂)
Intercept	0.287	0.054	5.310	<0.001	0.181	0.394
DS (X ₂)	0.922	0.015	62.693	<0.001	0.893	0.951
R-squared	86.80%
	Model 4: Y = f ( X ₃)
Intercept	1.729	0.088	19.691	<0.001	1.557	1.902
FS (X ₃)	0.571	0.026	22.154	<0.001	0.521	0.622
R-squared	45.10%

(Source: Author’s contribution)

LL = Lower Limit of the 95% Confidence Interval; UL = Upper Limit of the 95% Confidence Interval.

Table A2

Analysis of variance of regression models for each independent variable.

Source	DF	R²	Sum of squares	Mean square	F-ratio	Sig.
	ANOVA model 1: Y = f ( X ) common model for the independent variables
Model	1	77.20%	211.988	211.988	2021.851	<0.001
GCS (X)	1	77.20%	211.988	211.988		<0.001
Error	598	22.80%	62.699	0.105
Total	599	100.00%	274.687
	ANOVA model 2: Y = f ( X ₁ ) common model for the independent variables
Model	1	37.20%	102.206	102.206	354.355	<0.001
CLS (X ₁)	1	37.20%	102.206	102.206		<0.001
Error	598	62.80%	172.481	0.288
Total	599	100.00%	274.687
	ANOVA model 3: Y = f ( X ₂ ) common model for the independent variables
Model	1	86.80%	238.413	238.413	3930.400	<0.001
DS (X ₂)	1	86.80%	238.413	238.413		<0.001
Error	598	13.20%	36.274	0.061
Total	599	100.00%	274.687
	ANOVA model 4: Y = f ( X ₃ ) common model for the independent variables
Model	1	45.10%	123.822	123.822	490.808	<0.001
FS (X ₃)	1	45.10%	123.822	123.822		<0.001
Error	598	54.90%	150.865	0.252
Total	599	100.00%	274.687

(Source: Author’s contribution)

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2026-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2300-5661 | Journal ISSN: 2080-7279

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Language: English

Page range: 74 - 85

Submitted on: Nov 24, 2024

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Accepted on: Sep 18, 2025

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Published on: Sep 17, 2026

Published by: Warsaw University of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Generic competitive strategies,

Cost leadership,

Differentiation,

Competitive advantage,

JEL:

Related subjects:

Computer sciences,

Business computing,

Business and economics,

Business management,

Management accounting, financial controlling, cost calculation, investment

© 2026 Noha AHMED, published by Warsaw University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

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