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Study on the changes of soil microecology in pear orchards covered with Indian strawberries Cover

Study on the changes of soil microecology in pear orchards covered with Indian strawberries

Folia Horticulturae
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By: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jun 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Experimental design. GC, ground-cloth covering; GCA, ground-cloth covering in 2022; GCB, ground-cloth covering in 2023; IC, Indian-strawberry covering; ICA, Indian-strawberry covering in 2022; ICB, Indian-strawberry covering in 2023.

Figure 2.

Soil physical and chemical properties. (A) soil catalase activity; (B) soil urease activity; (C) soil organic matter content; (D) soil available nitrogen content; (E) soil available phosphorus content; (F) soil available potassium content. AK, available potassium; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; GCA, ground-cloth covering in 2022; GCB, ground-cloth covering in 2023; ICA, Indian-strawberry covering in 2022; ICB, Indian-strawberry covering in 2023; SCAT, soil catalase; SOM, soil organic matter; SUE, soil urease.

Figure 3.

Microbial community composition and structure. (A) bacterial phylum level; (B) fungal phylum level; (C) bacterial diversity of 2022 and 2023; (D) fungal diversity of 2022 and 2023; (E) 2022 bacteria OTU; (F) 2023 bacteria OTU; (G) 2022 fungi OTU; (H) 2023 fungi OTU. GCA, ground-cloth covering in 2022; GCB, ground-cloth covering in 2023; ICA, Indian-strawberry covering in 2022; ICB, Indian-strawberry covering in 2023; OTU, operational taxonomic unit.

Figure 4.

Pearson correlation analysis and Mantel test between microorganisms and environmental factors. (A, C) bacteria and the chemical properties of soil; (B, D) fungi and the chemical properties of soil. AK, available potassium; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; SCAT, soil catalase; SOM, soil organic matter; SUE, soil urease.

Figure 5.

Metabolite and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. (A) soil metabolite analysis in the pos; (B) metabolic pathways in the pos; (C) soil metabolite analysis in the neg; (D) metabolic pathways in the neg. GCB, ground-cloth covering in 2023; ICB, Indian-strawberry covering in 2023; NEG, negative mode; POS, positive mode.

Figure 6.

The correlation between microorganisms and metabolites. (A, C, E) correlation of important metabolites with bacterial phyla, genera, and OTUs; (B, D, F) correlation of important metabolites with fungal phyla, genera, and OTUs. OTUs, operational taxonomic units.

Figure 7.

O2PLS analysis. (A, B) bacterial O2PLS load chart; (E, F): fungal O2PLS load chart; (C, G) bacteria and fungi heatmaps; (D) bacterial-metabolite association diagram; (H) fungal-metabolite association diagram. NEG, negative mode; OTUs, operational taxonomic units; POS, positive mode.

Supplementary Figure 1.

Dominant soil microorganism species. (A, B) bacterial genus and species; (C, D) fungal genus and species; GCA, ground-cloth covering in 2022; GCB, ground-cloth covering in 2023; ICA, Indian-strawberry covering in 2022; ICB, Indian-strawberry covering in 2023.

Supplementary Figure 2.

Differences in soil metabolites. (A, B) soil metabolite analysis in the pos; (C, D) soil metabolite analysis in the neg. NEG, negative mode; POS, positive mode.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2026-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
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Language: English
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2025
Accepted on: May 18, 2026
Published on: Jun 22, 2026
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Duchesnea indica,
microbial diversity,
soil metabolites,
soil microorganisms
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Zoology,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2026 Minghui Ji, Lijuan Gao, Jintao Xu, Longfei Li, Huan Liu, Yue Yao, Liyuan Zhang, Baofeng Hao, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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