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Optimised in vitro propagation protocol for the avocado rootstock ‘Duke 7’ (Persea americana Mill.): Sterilisation, proliferation and rooting Cover

Optimised in vitro propagation protocol for the avocado rootstock ‘Duke 7’ (Persea americana Mill.): Sterilisation, proliferation and rooting

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Preparation of explants for surface sterilisation: the nodal segments measuring 1–2 cm in length (A), rinsing under running tap water (B), soaking in 70% ethyl alcohol (C) and rinsing with deionized distilled water (D).

Figure 2.

Mean values of sterilisation traits (BCR, FCR, TNR and SR) for different agent-concentration-duration combinations are presented. Bars with different letters indicate statistically significant differences among all treatment combinations based on Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05), and the whiskers represent the standard error values. Red shading highlights the most desirable agent-concentration-duration combination for overall sterilisation traits. BCR, bacterial contamination (%); FCR, fungal contamination (%); TNR, tissue necrosis rate (%) and SR, survival rate (%).

Figure 3.

Representative responses of ‘Duke 7’ nodal segments following different surface sterilisation treatments: healthy nodal segment (A), nodal segment necrosis (B), bacterial contamination (C, D), and fungal contamination (E) on modified MS medium. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 4.

Mean values of proliferation traits (NS, SL, NL and SGI) for different cytokinin–concentration combinations are presented. Bars with different letters indicate statistically significant differences among all treatment combinations based on Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05), and the whiskers represent the standard error values. Orange shading highlights the most desirable cytokinin-concentration combination for overall proliferation traits. NS, number of shoot (no.); SL: shoot length (mm); NL, number of leaves (no.) and SGI, shoot growth index (0–4).

Figure 5.

Representative shoot development at the end of the 12th week of the proliferation stage under different treatments: control (A), 8.88 μM BAP (B), 9.29 μM KIN (C) and 2.27 μM TDZ (D).

Figure 6.

Mean values of rooting traits (RR, CD and CGI) for different auxin-concentration combinations are presented. Bars with different letters indicate statistically significant differences among all treatment combinations based on Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05) and the whiskers represent the standard error values. RR, rooting rate (%), CD, callus diameter (mm) and CGI, callus growth index (0–4). IBA, indole-3-butyric acid; NAA, naphthalene acetic acid.

Types, concentrations and durations of sterilising agents used for the sterilisation of nodal segments_

Types of sterilising agentsConcentration (%)Duration (min)
NaOCl5.0, 10.0, 20.0 (v/v)10, 20
HgCI20.1, 0.5, 1.0 (w/v)5, 10
Na-merthiolate0.01, 0.05, 0.5 (w/v)5, 10
NaDCC0.15, 0.25, 0.35 (w/v)10, 20

Composition of the nutrient media used at different stages of micropropagation of ‘Duke 7’ rootstock_

Different stagesBasal mediumPGR and additivesCarbohydrate sourceGelling agent
EstablishmentModified MS0.01% AC3% sucrose0.7% agar
ProliferationModified MSBAP (0.00, 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 μM) or KIN (0.00, 2.32, 4.65, 9.29 μM) or TDZ (0.00, 0.45, 2.27, 4.54 μM) with GA3 (0.87 μM) and IAA (0.06 μM)3% sucrose0.7% agar
RootingModified MS3% sucrose0.7% agar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2026-0001 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
Language: English
Submitted on: Dec 2, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 11, 2026
Published on: May 26, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2026 Gizem Guler, Martha L. Orozco-Cardenas, Recep Balkıc, Gulustan Polat, Mary Lu Arpaia, Hamide Gubbuk, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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