Seed priming and foliar application of GA3 enhance disease control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Jui Ray; Pabitra Kumar Ghosh; Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui; Raju Das; Venugopalan Visha Kumari; Viliam Bárek; Marian Brestic; Ahmed Gaber; Akbar Hossain

doi:10.2478/fhort-2025-0025

Figures & Tables

Reduction (%) in disease incidence after seed priming (average over 2 years).

Reduction (%) in disease severity after seed priming (average over 2 years). Note: T0 = control, T1 = moringa leaf extract, T2 = 1% NaCl, T3 = 10% PEG, T4 = 100 ppm GA3, T5 = 5% KNO3, T6 = 1000 ppm Thiourea, T7 = distilled water, T8 = 2% KH2PO4, T9 = 0.5 m mol · L−1 NAA. PEG, polyethylene glycol.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of the target leaf spot_

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	38.73* (38.78)	29.10 (32.96)	30.89 (34.07)	32.90 (35.30)	36.16 (37.26)	27.81 (32.15)	33.82 (35.86)	37.90 (38.29)	26.87 (31.55)	36.96 (37.74)	33.11 (35.40)
G₁	36.64 (37.55)	26.67 (31.42)	28.29 (32.45)	30.22 (33.66)	33.60 (35.73)	26.36 (31.22)	31.82 (34.64)	35.73 (37.01)	24.70 (30.13)	34.24 (36.12)	30.83 (33.99)
Mean T	37.69 (38.16) a	27.88 (32.19) h	29.59 (33.26) g	31.56 (34.48)f	34.88 (36.50) d	27.09 (31.68) i	32.82 (35.25) e	36.82 (37.65) b	25.79 (30.84) j	35.60 (36.93) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.050	0.032	0.066				0.066
LSD (0.05)	0.147	0.195	0.194				0.244
CV (%)	0.348	0.507	0.301				0.301
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	40.11 (39.59)	30.27 (33.69)	32.39 (35.00)	34.17 (36.08)	37.41 (38.00)	29.20 (33.02)	35.24 (36.71)	39.33 (39.13)	28.31 (32.46)	38.36 (38.56)	34.48 (36.22)
G₁	37.95 (38.32)	28.14 (32.35)	29.59 (33.27)	31.63 (34.53)	34.99 (36.57)	27.78 (32.12)	33.04 (35.39)	37.08 (37.81)	26.22 (31.13)	35.66 (36.96)	32.21 (34.85)
Mean T	39.03 (38.96) a	29.20 (33.02)h	30.99 (34.13) g	32.90 (35.30) f	36.20 (37.28) d	28.49 (32.57) i	34.14 (36.05) e	38.20 (38.47) b	27.27 (31.79) j	37.01 (37.76) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.055	0.014	0.079				0.077
LSD (0.05)	0.165	0.085	0.235				0.237
CV (%)	0.382	0.215	0.390				0.390

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of early blight_

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	30.72^* (33.97)	21.46 (27.94)	23.19 (29.13)	24.29 (29.86)	27.58 (32.00)	20.95 (27.59)	25.98 (30.97)	29.83 (33.42)	19.94 (26.88)	28.31 (32.47)	25.23 (30.42)
G₁	28.76 (32.75)	21.09 (27.69)	21.98 (28.30)	23.51 (29.34)	26.55 (31.34)	20.16 (27.03)	24.96 (30.31)	27.97 (32.25)	17.27 (24.93)	27.00 (31.63)	23.93 (29.56)
Mean T	29.74 (33.36) a	21.28 (27.82) h	22.59 (28.72) g	23.90 (29.60) f	27.06 (31.67) d	20.55 (27.31) i	25.47 (30.64) e	28.90 (32.83) b	18.61 (25.91) j	27.66 (32.05) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.037	0.021	0.055				0.059
LSD (0.05)	0.109	0.128	0.162				0.197
CV (%)	0.299	0.385	0.331				0.331
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	32.26 (34.92)	22.69 (28.79)	24.64 (30.09)	25.58 (30.71)	28.97 (32.88)	22.33 (28.54)	27.37 (31.86)	31.22 (34.28)	21.18 (27.75)	29.60 (33.27)	26.58 (31.31)
G₁	30.08 (33.58)	22.29 (28.52)	23.13 (29.09)	24.86 (30.24)	27.93 (32.22)	21.40 (27.91)	26.18 (31.10)	29.18 (33.01)	18.63 (25.94)	28.21 (32.40)	25.19 (30.40)
Mean T	31.17 (34.25) a	22.49 (28.65) h	23.89 (29.59) g	25.22 (30.48) f	28.45 (32.55) d	21.87 (28.23) i	26.77 (31.48) e	30.20 (33.64) b	19.91 (26.84)j	28.91 (32.84) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.034	0.018	0.041				0.035
LSD (0.05)	0.102	0.114	0.124				0.138
CV (%)	0.274	0.332	0.184				0.184

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the incidence of collar rot disease in tomato_

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	15.65^* (23.70)	10.38 (19.26)	13.27 (21.78)	9.24 (18.19)	14.02 (22.40)	11.04 (19.86)	12.35 (21.01)	15.17 (23.32)	9.90 (18.81)	14.30 (22.63)	12.53 (21.10)
G₁	13.91 (22.31)	9.00 (17.95)	11.86 (20.58)	8.11 (17.06)	12.69 (21.30)	9.62 (18.55)	11.06 (19.88)	13.87 (22.28)	8.65 (17.60)	13.20 (21.72)	11.20 (19.92)
Mean T	14.78 (23.00) a	9.69 (18.60) h	12.57 (21.18) e	8.68 (17.63) J	13.36 (21.85) d	10.33 (19.21) g	11.71 (20.44) f	14.52 (22.80) b	9.27 (18.21) i	13.75 (22.18) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.086	0.020	0.137				0.145
LSD (0.05)	0.254	0.121	NS				NS
CV (%)	1.020	0.530	1.282				1.282
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	16.70 (24.50)	11.81 (20.54)	14.39 (22.70)	10.66 (19.51)	15.25 (23.38)	12.17 (20.85)	13.70 (22.14)	16.53 (24.37)	11.23 (20.03)	15.72 (23.75)	13.82 (22.18)
G₁	15.66 (23.71)	10.33 (19.21)	13.12 (21.65)	9.43 (18.36)	13.89 (22.30)	11.00 (19.82)	12.23 (20.90)	15.19 (23.34)	9.94 (18.85)	14.28 (22.61)	12.51 (21.08)
Mean T	16.18 (24.10) a	11.07 (19.88) h	13.76 (22.18) e	10.04 (18.94)i	14.57 (22.84) d	11.58 (20.34) g	12.97 (21.52) f	15.86 (23.85) b	10.59 (19.44) i	15.00 (23.18) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.077	0.013	0.099				0.084
LSD (0.05)	0.229	0.080	NS				NS
CV (%)	0.873	0.331	0.701				0.701

Selected concentrations and durations of priming agents and GA_

Seed priming agent	Concentration	Duration (hr)
Control (T₀)
Moringa leaf extract (T₁)	Leaf extract: water @ 1:30	18
NaCl (T₂)	1%	36
PEG 6000 (T₃)	10%	12
GA₃ (T₄)	100 ppm	24
KNO₃ (T₅)	5%	24
Thiourea (T₆)	1000 ppm	24
Distilled water (T₇)	-	12
KH₂PO₄ (T₈)	2%	6
NAA (T₉)	0.5 mmol · L⁻¹	6
Foliar application of GA₃ (G₁)
No application of GA₃ (G₀)

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the incidence of bacterial wilt disease in tomato_

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	22.07^* (28.36)	14.41 (22.71)	18.55 (25.88)	14.24 (22.58)	18.68 (25.97)	15.03 (23.21)	18.21 (25.63)	21.54 (28.00)	13.60 (22.05)	18.11 (25.56)	17.44 (24.99)
G₁	20.37 (27.19)	13.07 (21.61)	17.05 (24.77)	12.67 (21.28)	16.98 (24.71)	13.96 (22.35)	16.62 (24.44)	20.12 (27.01)	11.98 (20.69)	16.78 (24.56)	15.96 (23.86)
Mean T	21.22 (27.78) a	13.74 (22.16) f	17.80 (25.32) c	13.46 (21.93) g	17.83 (25.34) c	14.49 (22.78) e	17.41 (25.03) d	20.83 (27.51) b	12.79 (21.37) h	17.45 (25.06) d
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.082	0.075	0.114				0.130
LSD (0.05)	0.244	0.456	NS				NS
CV (%)	0.823	1.680	0.802				0.802
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	23.12 (29.08)	15.57 (23.63)	19.67 (26.68)	15.22 (23.36)	19.68 (26.69)	16.58 (24.41)	19.50 (26.56)	22.99 (28.99)	14.52 (22.80)	19.58 (26.62)	18.64 (25.88)
G₁	21.85 (28.22)	14.33 (22.65)	18.44 (25.80)	14.01 (22.39)	18.41 (25.77)	15.46 (23.55)	18.26 (25.67)	21.74 (28.13)	13.63 (22.08)	18.35 (25.73)	17.45 (25.00)
Mean T	22.49 (28.65) a	14.95 (23.14) d	19.05 (26.24) b	14.62 (22.88) d	19.04 (26.23) b	16.02 (23.98) c	18.88 (26.11) b	22.36 (28.56) a	14.08 (22.44) e	18.96 (26.18) b
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.119	0.048	0.138				0.106
LSD (0.05)	0.354	0.295	NS				NS
CV (%)	1.147	1.043	0.679				0.679

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of late blight_

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	25.63* (30.74)	17.80 (25.33)	19.03 (26.23)	19.91 (26.86)	23.04 (29.02)	17.25 (24.92)	22.39 (28.58)	24.92 (30.28)	16.56 (24.39)	23.91 (29.61)	21.05 (27.60)
G₁	24.67 (30.11)	16.92 (24.67)	18.48 (25.83)	19.16 (26.32)	22.29 (28.52)	16.38 (24.26)	20.93 (27.58)	23.92 (29.61)	14.92 (23.12)	23.32 (29.21)	20.10 (26.92)
Mean T	25.15 (30.43) a	17.36 (25.00) h	18.76 (26.03) g	19.54 (26.59) f	22.67 (28.77) d	16.82 (24.59) i	21.66 (28.08) e	24.42 (29.94) b	15.74 (23.76) j	23.62 (29.41) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.013	0.008	0.018				0.019
LSD (0.05)	0.040	0.054	0.048				0.062
C.V. (%)	0.121	0.180	0.083				0.083
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	26.92 (31.58)	19.12 (26.29)	20.37 (27.18)	21.33 (27.85)	24.31 (29.87)	18.69 (25.98)	23.76 (29.51)	26.21 (31.12)	17.95 (25.44)	25.32 (30.54)	22.40 (28.54)
G₁	25.87 (30.90)	18.16 (25.59)	19.78 (26.76)	20.37 (27.18)	23.66 (29.44)	17.56 (25.15)	22.16 (28.42)	25.11 (30.40)	16.20 (24.12)	24.59 (30.06)	21.35 (27.80)
Mean T	26.40 (31.24) a	18.64 (25.94) h	20.07 (26.97) g	20.85 (27.52) f	23.99 (29.66) d	18.12 (25.56) i	22.96 (28.97) e	25.66 (30.76) b	17.08 (24.78) j	24.96 (30.30) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.053	0.029	0.077				0.081
LSD (0.05)	0.156	0.179	0.228				0.273
C.V. (%)	0.457	0.573	0.485				0.485

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of tomato leaf curl viral disease_

GA₃	2019–2020
	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
	G₀	19.78* (26.77)	13.66 (22.11)	17.09 (24.80)	13.51 (21.98)	17.04 (24.76)	14.27 (22.60)	15.70 (23.74)	17.51 (25.11)	13.17 (21.70)	16.62 (24.44)	15.84 (23.80)
G₁	18.51 (25.85)	11.15 (19.96)	15.94 (23.92)	11.06 (19.88)	14.89 (23.10)	11.85 (20.57)	14.66 (22.92)	17.76 (25.30)	10.71 (19.56)	14.88 (23.09)	14.14 (22.41)
Mean T	19.15 (26.31) a	12.41 (21.03) f	16.52 (24.36) c	12.29 (20.93) f	15.96 (23.93) c	13.06 (21.59) e	15.18 (23.33) d	17.63 (25.20) b	11.94 (20.63) f	15.75 (23.77) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.058	0.033	0.063				0.048
LSD (0.05)	0.173	0.198	0.190				0.213
CV (%)	0.616	0.773	0.286				0.286
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	21.18 (27.75)	14.85 (23.06)	18.51 (25.85)	14.79 (23.02)	18.18 (25.61)	15.75 (23.78)	17.14 (24.83)	18.74 (26.01)	14.57 (22.84)	17.80 (25.33)	17.15 (24.81)
G₁	19.91 (26.86)	12.44 (21.08)	17.22 (24.90)	12.50 (21.14)	16.11 (24.05)	13.13 (21.66)	16.13 (24.06)	19.13 (26.30)	12.06 (20.75)	16.20 (24.12)	15.48 (23.49)
Mean T	20.54 (27.30) a	13.64 (22.07) g	17.87 (25.37) c	13.65 (22.08) g	17.15 (24.83) d	14.44 (22.72) f	16.63 (24.45) e	18.93 (26.16) b	13.31 (21.80) h	17.00 (24.73) d
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.058	0.006	0.077				0.070
LSD (0.05)	0.170	0.042	0.228				0.207
CV (%)	0.581	0.157	0.519				0.519

Seed priming and foliar application of GA3 enhance disease control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure S1.

Figure S2.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of the target leaf spot_

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of early blight_

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the incidence of collar rot disease in tomato_

Selected concentrations and durations of priming agents and GA_

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the incidence of bacterial wilt disease in tomato_

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of late blight_

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA3 on the PDI of tomato leaf curl viral disease_

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