Seed priming and foliar application of GA3 enhance disease control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Seed priming agent	Concentration	Duration (hr)
Control (T₀)
Moringa leaf extract (T₁)	Leaf extract: water @ 1:30	18
NaCl (T₂)	1%	36
PEG 6000 (T₃)	10%	12
GA₃ (T₄)	100 ppm	24
KNO₃ (T₅)	5%	24
Thiourea (T₆)	1000 ppm	24
Distilled water (T₇)	-	12
KH₂PO₄ (T₈)	2%	6
NAA (T₉)	0.5 mmol · L⁻¹	6
Foliar application of GA₃ (G₁)
No application of GA₃ (G₀)

1 GA, gibberellic acid; PEG, polyethylene glycol.

Table 2.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the incidence of bacterial wilt disease in tomato.

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	22.07^* (28.36)	14.41 (22.71)	18.55 (25.88)	14.24 (22.58)	18.68 (25.97)	15.03 (23.21)	18.21 (25.63)	21.54 (28.00)	13.60 (22.05)	18.11 (25.56)	17.44 (24.99)
G₁	20.37 (27.19)	13.07 (21.61)	17.05 (24.77)	12.67 (21.28)	16.98 (24.71)	13.96 (22.35)	16.62 (24.44)	20.12 (27.01)	11.98 (20.69)	16.78 (24.56)	15.96 (23.86)
Mean T	21.22 (27.78) a	13.74 (22.16) f	17.80 (25.32) c	13.46 (21.93) g	17.83 (25.34) c	14.49 (22.78) e	17.41 (25.03) d	20.83 (27.51) b	12.79 (21.37) h	17.45 (25.06) d
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.082	0.075	0.114				0.130
LSD (0.05)	0.244	0.456	NS				NS
CV (%)	0.823	1.680	0.802				0.802
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	23.12 (29.08)	15.57 (23.63)	19.67 (26.68)	15.22 (23.36)	19.68 (26.69)	16.58 (24.41)	19.50 (26.56)	22.99 (28.99)	14.52 (22.80)	19.58 (26.62)	18.64 (25.88)
G₁	21.85 (28.22)	14.33 (22.65)	18.44 (25.80)	14.01 (22.39)	18.41 (25.77)	15.46 (23.55)	18.26 (25.67)	21.74 (28.13)	13.63 (22.08)	18.35 (25.73)	17.45 (25.00)
Mean T	22.49 (28.65) a	14.95 (23.14) d	19.05 (26.24) b	14.62 (22.88) d	19.04 (26.23) b	16.02 (23.98) c	18.88 (26.11) b	22.36 (28.56) a	14.08 (22.44) e	18.96 (26.18) b
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.119	0.048	0.138				0.106
LSD (0.05)	0.354	0.295	NS				NS
CV (%)	1.147	1.043	0.679				0.679

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, G₁ with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; GA, gibberellic acid; LSD, least significant difference; NAA, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NS, Non-significant; PEG, polyethylene glycol; SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 3.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the incidence of collar rot disease in tomato.

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	15.65^* (23.70)	10.38 (19.26)	13.27 (21.78)	9.24 (18.19)	14.02 (22.40)	11.04 (19.86)	12.35 (21.01)	15.17 (23.32)	9.90 (18.81)	14.30 (22.63)	12.53 (21.10)
G₁	13.91 (22.31)	9.00 (17.95)	11.86 (20.58)	8.11 (17.06)	12.69 (21.30)	9.62 (18.55)	11.06 (19.88)	13.87 (22.28)	8.65 (17.60)	13.20 (21.72)	11.20 (19.92)
Mean T	14.78 (23.00) a	9.69 (18.60) h	12.57 (21.18) e	8.68 (17.63) J	13.36 (21.85) d	10.33 (19.21) g	11.71 (20.44) f	14.52 (22.80) b	9.27 (18.21) i	13.75 (22.18) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.086	0.020	0.137				0.145
LSD (0.05)	0.254	0.121	NS				NS
CV (%)	1.020	0.530	1.282				1.282
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	16.70 (24.50)	11.81 (20.54)	14.39 (22.70)	10.66 (19.51)	15.25 (23.38)	12.17 (20.85)	13.70 (22.14)	16.53 (24.37)	11.23 (20.03)	15.72 (23.75)	13.82 (22.18)
G₁	15.66 (23.71)	10.33 (19.21)	13.12 (21.65)	9.43 (18.36)	13.89 (22.30)	11.00 (19.82)	12.23 (20.90)	15.19 (23.34)	9.94 (18.85)	14.28 (22.61)	12.51 (21.08)
Mean T	16.18 (24.10) a	11.07 (19.88) h	13.76 (22.18) e	10.04 (18.94)i	14.57 (22.84) d	11.58 (20.34) g	12.97 (21.52) f	15.86 (23.85) b	10.59 (19.44) i	15.00 (23.18) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.077	0.013	0.099				0.084
LSD (0.05)	0.229	0.080	NS				NS
CV (%)	0.873	0.331	0.701				0.701

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, G₁ = with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ =10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; GA₃, gibberellic acid; LSD, least significant difference; NAA, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NS, Non-significant; PEG, polyethylene glycol; SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 4.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the PDI of the target leaf spot.

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	38.73* (38.78)	29.10 (32.96)	30.89 (34.07)	32.90 (35.30)	36.16 (37.26)	27.81 (32.15)	33.82 (35.86)	37.90 (38.29)	26.87 (31.55)	36.96 (37.74)	33.11 (35.40)
G₁	36.64 (37.55)	26.67 (31.42)	28.29 (32.45)	30.22 (33.66)	33.60 (35.73)	26.36 (31.22)	31.82 (34.64)	35.73 (37.01)	24.70 (30.13)	34.24 (36.12)	30.83 (33.99)
Mean T	37.69 (38.16) a	27.88 (32.19) h	29.59 (33.26) g	31.56 (34.48)f	34.88 (36.50) d	27.09 (31.68) i	32.82 (35.25) e	36.82 (37.65) b	25.79 (30.84) j	35.60 (36.93) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.050	0.032	0.066				0.066
LSD (0.05)	0.147	0.195	0.194				0.244
CV (%)	0.348	0.507	0.301				0.301
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	40.11 (39.59)	30.27 (33.69)	32.39 (35.00)	34.17 (36.08)	37.41 (38.00)	29.20 (33.02)	35.24 (36.71)	39.33 (39.13)	28.31 (32.46)	38.36 (38.56)	34.48 (36.22)
G₁	37.95 (38.32)	28.14 (32.35)	29.59 (33.27)	31.63 (34.53)	34.99 (36.57)	27.78 (32.12)	33.04 (35.39)	37.08 (37.81)	26.22 (31.13)	35.66 (36.96)	32.21 (34.85)
Mean T	39.03 (38.96) a	29.20 (33.02)h	30.99 (34.13) g	32.90 (35.30) f	36.20 (37.28) d	28.49 (32.57) i	34.14 (36.05) e	38.20 (38.47) b	27.27 (31.79) j	37.01 (37.76) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.055	0.014	0.079				0.077
LSD (0.05)	0.165	0.085	0.235				0.237
CV (%)	0.382	0.215	0.390				0.390

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, G₁ = with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = Distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; GA, gibberellic acid; LSD, least significant difference; NAA, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NS, Non-significant; PDI, percent disease index; PEG, polyethylene glycol; SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 5.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the PDI of early blight.

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	30.72^* (33.97)	21.46 (27.94)	23.19 (29.13)	24.29 (29.86)	27.58 (32.00)	20.95 (27.59)	25.98 (30.97)	29.83 (33.42)	19.94 (26.88)	28.31 (32.47)	25.23 (30.42)
G₁	28.76 (32.75)	21.09 (27.69)	21.98 (28.30)	23.51 (29.34)	26.55 (31.34)	20.16 (27.03)	24.96 (30.31)	27.97 (32.25)	17.27 (24.93)	27.00 (31.63)	23.93 (29.56)
Mean T	29.74 (33.36) a	21.28 (27.82) h	22.59 (28.72) g	23.90 (29.60) f	27.06 (31.67) d	20.55 (27.31) i	25.47 (30.64) e	28.90 (32.83) b	18.61 (25.91) j	27.66 (32.05) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.037	0.021	0.055				0.059
LSD (0.05)	0.109	0.128	0.162				0.197
CV (%)	0.299	0.385	0.331				0.331
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	32.26 (34.92)	22.69 (28.79)	24.64 (30.09)	25.58 (30.71)	28.97 (32.88)	22.33 (28.54)	27.37 (31.86)	31.22 (34.28)	21.18 (27.75)	29.60 (33.27)	26.58 (31.31)
G₁	30.08 (33.58)	22.29 (28.52)	23.13 (29.09)	24.86 (30.24)	27.93 (32.22)	21.40 (27.91)	26.18 (31.10)	29.18 (33.01)	18.63 (25.94)	28.21 (32.40)	25.19 (30.40)
Mean T	31.17 (34.25) a	22.49 (28.65) h	23.89 (29.59) g	25.22 (30.48) f	28.45 (32.55) d	21.87 (28.23) i	26.77 (31.48) e	30.20 (33.64) b	19.91 (26.84)j	28.91 (32.84) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.034	0.018	0.041				0.035
LSD (0.05)	0.102	0.114	0.124				0.138
CV (%)	0.274	0.332	0.184				0.184

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = Distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

1 CV, coefficient of variation; GA₃, gibberellic acid; LSD, least significant difference; NAA, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NS, Non-significant; PDI, percent disease index; PEG, polyethylene glycol; SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 6.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the PDI of late blight.

GA₃	2019–2020
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	25.63* (30.74)	17.80 (25.33)	19.03 (26.23)	19.91 (26.86)	23.04 (29.02)	17.25 (24.92)	22.39 (28.58)	24.92 (30.28)	16.56 (24.39)	23.91 (29.61)	21.05 (27.60)
G₁	24.67 (30.11)	16.92 (24.67)	18.48 (25.83)	19.16 (26.32)	22.29 (28.52)	16.38 (24.26)	20.93 (27.58)	23.92 (29.61)	14.92 (23.12)	23.32 (29.21)	20.10 (26.92)
Mean T	25.15 (30.43) a	17.36 (25.00) h	18.76 (26.03) g	19.54 (26.59) f	22.67 (28.77) d	16.82 (24.59) i	21.66 (28.08) e	24.42 (29.94) b	15.74 (23.76) j	23.62 (29.41) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.013	0.008	0.018				0.019
LSD (0.05)	0.040	0.054	0.048				0.062
C.V. (%)	0.121	0.180	0.083				0.083
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	26.92 (31.58)	19.12 (26.29)	20.37 (27.18)	21.33 (27.85)	24.31 (29.87)	18.69 (25.98)	23.76 (29.51)	26.21 (31.12)	17.95 (25.44)	25.32 (30.54)	22.40 (28.54)
G₁	25.87 (30.90)	18.16 (25.59)	19.78 (26.76)	20.37 (27.18)	23.66 (29.44)	17.56 (25.15)	22.16 (28.42)	25.11 (30.40)	16.20 (24.12)	24.59 (30.06)	21.35 (27.80)
Mean T	26.40 (31.24) a	18.64 (25.94) h	20.07 (26.97) g	20.85 (27.52) f	23.99 (29.66) d	18.12 (25.56) i	22.96 (28.97) e	25.66 (30.76) b	17.08 (24.78) j	24.96 (30.30) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.053	0.029	0.077				0.081
LSD (0.05)	0.156	0.179	0.228				0.273
C.V. (%)	0.457	0.573	0.485				0.485

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, G₁ with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = distilled water, T₇ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

Table 7.

Influence of different priming materials in combination with or without GA₃ on the PDI of tomato leaf curl viral disease.

GA₃	2019–2020
	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
	G₀	19.78* (26.77)	13.66 (22.11)	17.09 (24.80)	13.51 (21.98)	17.04 (24.76)	14.27 (22.60)	15.70 (23.74)	17.51 (25.11)	13.17 (21.70)	16.62 (24.44)	15.84 (23.80)
G₁	18.51 (25.85)	11.15 (19.96)	15.94 (23.92)	11.06 (19.88)	14.89 (23.10)	11.85 (20.57)	14.66 (22.92)	17.76 (25.30)	10.71 (19.56)	14.88 (23.09)	14.14 (22.41)
Mean T	19.15 (26.31) a	12.41 (21.03) f	16.52 (24.36) c	12.29 (20.93) f	15.96 (23.93) c	13.06 (21.59) e	15.18 (23.33) d	17.63 (25.20) b	11.94 (20.63) f	15.75 (23.77) c
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.058	0.033	0.063				0.048
LSD (0.05)	0.173	0.198	0.190				0.213
CV (%)	0.616	0.773	0.286				0.286
GA₃	2020–2021
GA₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	Mean G
G₀	21.18 (27.75)	14.85 (23.06)	18.51 (25.85)	14.79 (23.02)	18.18 (25.61)	15.75 (23.78)	17.14 (24.83)	18.74 (26.01)	14.57 (22.84)	17.80 (25.33)	17.15 (24.81)
G₁	19.91 (26.86)	12.44 (21.08)	17.22 (24.90)	12.50 (21.14)	16.11 (24.05)	13.13 (21.66)	16.13 (24.06)	19.13 (26.30)	12.06 (20.75)	16.20 (24.12)	15.48 (23.49)
Mean T	20.54 (27.30) a	13.64 (22.07) g	17.87 (25.37) c	13.65 (22.08) g	17.15 (24.83) d	14.44 (22.72) f	16.63 (24.45) e	18.93 (26.16) b	13.31 (21.80) h	17.00 (24.73) d
	T	G	T at same level of G				G at same level of T
SEM (±)	0.058	0.006	0.077				0.070
LSD (0.05)	0.170	0.042	0.228				0.207
CV (%)	0.581	0.157	0.519				0.519

1 Note: G = with GA₃ and without GA₃ treatment, G₀ = without GA₃, with GA₃, T = priming treatment, T₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm thiourea, T₇ = distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 mol/L NAA.

1* In brackets, the arcsine value is given.

Reduction (%) in disease incidence after seed priming (average over 2 years).

Reduction (%) in disease severity after seed priming (average over 2 years). *Note: T*₀ = control, T₁ = moringa leaf extract, T₂ = 1% NaCl, T₃ = 10% PEG, T₄ = 100 ppm GA₃, T₅ = 5% KNO₃, T₆ = 1000 ppm Thiourea, T₇ = distilled water, T₈ = 2% KH₂PO₄, T₉ = 0.5 m mol · L⁻¹ NAA. PEG, polyethylene glycol.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2025-0025 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 389 - 406

Submitted on: Mar 1, 2025

Accepted on: Nov 18, 2025

Published on: Feb 13, 2026

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

diseases,

GA₃,

moringa leaf extract,

Related subjects:

© 2026 Jui Ray, Pabitra Kumar Ghosh, Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui, Raju Das, Venugopalan Visha Kumari, Viliam Bárek, Marian Brestic, Ahmed Gaber, Akbar Hossain, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 37 (2025): Issue 3 (December 2025)

Seed priming and foliar application of GA3 enhance disease control in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Table 2.

Figure 2.

Table 3.

Figure 3.

Table 4.

Figure 4.

Table 5.

Figure 5.

Table 6.

Figure 6.

Table 7.

Figure S1.

Figure S2.

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