Concentration of flavonoids, TP, SA and AC in bell pepper plants inoculated with P_ capsici and treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents and resistance inducers_
| Treatment | TFl (mg QE · g−1) | TP (mg GAE · g−1) | SA (μg · mL−1) | AC (% DPPH inhibition) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metalaxyl-M | 4.66 ± 0.23 d* | 5.02 ± 0.11 c | 3.21 ± 0.18 c | 77.56 ± 0.045 c |
| Fosetyl-Al | 10.98 ± 0.23 c | 5.90 ± 0.76 c | 3.62 ± 0.34 bc | 79.93 ± 0.034 bc |
| B. subtilis strain QAT 713 | 14.60 ± 0.25 b | 4.03 ± 0.17 d | 3.48 ± 0.16 c | 86.42 ± 0.070 a |
| Trichoderma harzianum | 16.06 ± 0.38 ab | 11.29 ± 0.26 b | 3.28 ± 0.09 c | 83.05 ± 0.054 b |
| Acibenzolar-S-methyl | 15.81 ± 0.45 bz | 5.82 ± 0.09 c | 4.58 ± 0.11 ab | 88.20 ± 0.078 a |
| Phosphonic acid | 13.81 ± 0.14 b | 11.82 ± 0.34 ab | 4.85 ± 0.28 a | 80.63 ± 0.029 bc |
| Untreated control | 18.29 ± 0.16 a | 12.15 ± 0.15 a | 3.61 ± 0.23 b | 78.90 ± 0.068 c |
Oxidative metabolism in bell pepper plants inoculated with P_ capsici and treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents and resistance inducers_
| Treatment | SOD | H2O2 | POX | CAT | PAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metalaxyl-M | 3.18 ± 0.027 c* | 1.18 ± 0.017 bc | 4.78 ± 0.02 a | 2.38 ± 0.032 c | 2.84 ± 0.12 c |
| Fosetyl-Al | 3.29 ± 0.031 c | 1.36 ± 0.034 b | 3.87 ± 0.02 c | 2.98 ± 0.001 c | 3.09 ± 0.29 bc |
| B. subtilis strain QAT 713 | 3.34 ± 0.019 b | 1.29 ± 0.0065 b | 5.02 ± 0.03 a | 3.09 ± 0.001 bc | 3.26 ± 0.16 bc |
| Trichoderma harzianum | 3.32 ± 0.022 c | 1.32 ± 0.054 b | 2.86 ± 0.05 e | 3.54 ± 0.003 b | 3.67 ± 0.09 b |
| Acibenzolar-S-methyl | 4.42 ± 0.016 a | 1.42 ± 0.007 ab | 4.52 ± 0.02 b | 3.06 ± 0.002 bc | 3.90 ± 0.22 a |
| Phosphonic acid | 3.34 ± 0.023 c | 1.41 ± 0.009 ab | 3.65 ± 0.02 c | 4.02 ± 0.018 a | 2.90 ± 0.34 c |
| Untreated control | 4.21 ± 0.034 a | 1.67 ± 0.043 a | 3.05 ± 0.04 d | 4.30 ± 0.024 a | 4.18 ± 0.29 a |
Trade name, active ingredient and applied doses of fungicides, biocontrol agents and resistance inducers in bell pepper plants inoculated with P_ capsici_
| Trade name | Active ingredient | Doses · ha−1 |
|---|---|---|
| Ridomil® Gold 480 SLx (Syngenta, Greensboro, USA) | 45.28% by weight, equivalent to 480 g a.i. · L−1 at 20°C (methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-D-alaninate) | 0.5 L (1st application) and 1.25 L (2nd application) |
| Aliette® WDGx (Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, USA) | 80% by weight, equivalent to 800 g a.i. · kg−1 aluminium tris (ethyl phosphonate) | 2.5 kg |
| Serenade® ASOy (Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, USA) | Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713, 1.34% | 1.5 kg |
| Spectrum® Trico-Bioy (Promotora Técnica Industrial, S.A. de C.V., Benito Juárez, México) | Trichoderma harzianum, 0.45% equivalent to 4.653 g active ingredient · L−1 (1.0 × 1011 CFU · L−1) | 2 L |
| Actigard 50® GSz (Syngenta, Greensboro, USA) | 50% by weight, equivalent to 500 g a.i. · kg−1 (S-methylbenzo [1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioate) | 50 g |
| Fitopron® (Probelte México, S.A. de C.V., Guadalajara, México) | 70% (w/v), equivalent to 475 g · L−1 phosphonic acid (containing phosphoric anhydride, potassium oxide and potassium phosphonate) | 2 L |
| Untreated control | 50 mL of a solution of motile zoospores (1 × 106 zoospores · mL−1) but without application of any products | - |