Table 1.
Average weight of wild strawberry microshoots, affected by osmotic components in MS medium, light and growth temperature.
| Trait | Parameter | Average weight of microshoot (g) |
|---|---|---|
| Osmotic components | Sucrose 15 g ∙ L-1 | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
| Sucrose 30 g ∙ L-1 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | |
| Sucrose 60 g ∙ L-1 | 0.13 ± 0.04* | |
| Sucrose 90 g ∙ L-1 | 0.10 ± 0.04* | |
| Sucrose 30 g ∙ L-1 + PEG 50 g ∙ L-1 | 0.12 ± 0.10* | |
| Sucrose 30 g ∙ L-1 + PEG 100 g ∙ L-1 | 0.11 ± 0.11* | |
| Sucrose 30 g ∙ L-1 + PEG 120 g ∙ L-1 | 0.44 ± 0.60* | |
| Light | Fluorescent | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
| Blue | 0.31 ± 0.02 | |
| Red | 0.27 ± 0.02 | |
| BR | 0.34 ± 0.03 | |
| BRUV | 0.24 ± 0.01 | |
| Temperature | 15°C | 0.13 ± 0.03* |
| 22°C | 0.34 ± 0.06 | |
| 30°C | 0.30 ± 0.15 |
Figure 1.
Gene expression in wild strawberry microshoots grown on MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose. MS medium with 3% sucrose was used as a control. Bars denote the standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the control assessed by Fisher’s test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01), n = 3. CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; MS, Murashige and Skoog; Myb10, MYB domain protein 10; UFGT, UDP glucose: flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase; WD40, a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.
Figure 2.
Gene expression in wild strawberry microshoots grown on MS medium with different concentrations of PEG. MS medium with 3% sucrose was used as a control. Bars denote the standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the control assessed by Fisher’s test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01), n = 3. CHS, chalcone synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; EGL, enhancer of glabra; MS, Murashige and Skoog; PEG, polyethylene glycol; UFGT, UDP glucose: flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase; WD40, a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.
Figure 3.
Wild strawberry microshoots grown under different light spectra: fluorescent light (F), LED lighting system: blue light (B), red light (R), blue + red lights (BR), and blue + red + UV lights (BR UV). LED, light-emitting diode.
Figure 4.
Gene expression in wild strawberry microshoots grown at 15°C for 1-4 weeks. Microshoots grown at 22°C were used as a control. Bars denote the standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the control assessed by Fisher’s test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01), n = 3. CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; WD40, a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.
Figure 5.
Gene expression in wild strawberry microshoots grown at 30°C for 1-4weeks. Microshoots grown at 22°C were used as a control. Bars denote the standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the control assessed by Fisher’s test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01), n = 3. CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; WD40, a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.
Supplementary Table S1.
Primers used for anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression analysis
| Gene | Accession number | Primer sequence | Annealing temperature, °C | Product size, bp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myb10 | EU155163 | F: 5’-CGGAAGATTGCCAGGAAGAAC-3’ | 62.4 | 165 |
| R: 5’-ATGAAGGTTCGTGGTCGAGG-3’ | 63.1 | |||
| WD40-TTG1 | XM_004307863 | F: 5’-AGCAGGACTTGAGGTACATGG-3’ | 63 | 129 |
| R: 5’-ACGCAATCGCATTCACACTC-3’ | 62.8 | |||
| EGL | XM_004308329 | F: 5’-GCCTTCGATAAACAAGCGGAAG-3’ | 63.1 | 131 |
| R: 5’-TCTCTATCAGAACCTCCTGCTC-3’ | 61.9 | |||
| UFGT | XM_004307828 | F: 5’-GCGCATGGTTCAGTTGGAG-3’ | 62.8 | 151 |
| R: 5’-GACCAATCTTCCACACATCCTC-3’ | 62 | |||
| DFR | KC894052 | F: 5’-GTCTCATTACCGGACTTTCGC-3’ | 62.1 | 131 |
| R: 5’-CTCTGCTTTCGGATGCTCG-3’ | 61.9 | |||
| F3H | AB201760 | F: 5’-CACAGCAGGTTGTCCATAGC-3’ | 62.2 | 114 |
| R: 5’-AGTGTAAGTCATCGGCTCCTC-3’ | 62.6 | |||
| CHI | XM_004307403 | 5’-AAAGATCAGACCTTCCCACCC-3’ | 63 | 119 |
| R: 5’-TCAATCACCGCATTCCCAAC-3’ | 62.4 | |||
| CHS | AB250913 | F: 5’-ACTTTTCTGGATTGCACACCC-3’ | 62.6 | 189 |
| R: 5’-GTCTTGTGCCCATTAGCTGC-3’ | 62.8 | |||
| β-actin* | XM_004306544 | F: 5’-TCAACTATGTTCCCTGGTATTGC-3’ | 62 | 175 |
| R: 5’-CTCCCTTGGAAATCCACATCTG-3’ | 62.1 |
1 CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; EGL, enhancer of glabra; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; Myb10, MYB domain protein 10, member of myeloblastosis family transcription factors; UFGT, UDP glucose: flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase; WD40-TTG1, approximately 40 amino acid repeat terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptidetransparent testa glabra 1.
Supplementary Figure S1.
Gene expression in wild strawberry microshoots grown on MS medium under different light spectra. Microshoots grown under fluorescent lamps were used as a control. Bars denote the standard error of the mean. CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; MS, Murashige and Skoog; Myb10, MYB domain protein 10; WD40, a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide.