Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance

Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance

Volume 35 (2023): Issue 2 (December 2023)

By:

Aqsa Abid, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov and Salman Majeed

Open Access

|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Agave americana, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Argemone mexicana, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Brugmansia versicolor, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Butea monosperma, (K) adaxial surface (L) abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Buxus pilosula, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Chenopodium ambrosioides, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Chrozophora tinctoria, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Alocasia macrorrhizos, (K) adaxial surface, (L) abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Datura innoxia, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Duranta repens, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Euphorbia helioscopia, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Euphorbia pulcherrima, (K) adaxial surface, (L) abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Euphorbia royleana, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Ipomoea carnea, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Parthenium hysterophorus, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Peganum harmala, (K) adaxial surface, (L) abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Physalis angulate, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Ranunculus sceleratus, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Ricinus communis, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Sambucus nigra, (K) adaxial surface, (L) Abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

LM shapes of epidermal cells, patterns of AW, stomata and trichomes of poisonous plants. Scale bar = 5 μm. (A) Solanum nigrum, (B) adaxial surface, (C) abaxial surface, (D) Solanum incanum, (E) adaxial surface, (F) abaxial surface, (G) Sorghum halepense, (H) adaxial surface, (I) abaxial surface, (J) Thevetia peruviana, (K) adaxial surface, (L) abaxial surface, (M) Trifolium repens, (N) adaxial surface, (O) abaxial surface. AW, anticlinal walls; LMs, light micrographs.

Scanning micrographs (SEM); Brugmansia versicolor (A-C), Butea monosperma (D-F), Chrozophora tinctoria (G-I), Buxus pilosula (J-L).

Scanning micrographs (SEM); Datura innoxia (A-C), Duranta rapens (D-F), Euphorbia pulcherrima (G-I), Euphorbia royleana (J-L).

Scanning micrographs (SEM); Ipomoea carnea (A-C), Parthenium hysterophorus (D-F), Sambucus nigraum (G-I).

Comprehensive review study of poisonous plants_

Sr. No.	Plant species	Family	Flowering period	Common name	Habit	Status	Global distribution	Poisonous part	Poisonous compounds	Side effects	Citation
1.	Agave americana	Asparagaceae	Spring, summer, fall winter	Century plant, maguey, or American aloe	Rosette-forming herbaceous perennial succulent	Cultivated	Mexico, United States	Leaves sap/juice	Acrid volatile oil, oxalic acid, sapono-side	Redness and swelling, swelling of small blood vessels (veins), skin sores	Ahmad (2012)
2.	Alocasia macrorrhiza	Aricaceae	Spring, summer, fall winter	Taro/ elephants ear	Evergreen perennial	Cultivated	Africa, western Asia, eastern Asia, the Pacific Islands, America, the USA, Brazil	Leaves and corms	Calcium oxalate and oxalic acid	Conjunctivitis, pruritus, blindness	Ufelle et al. (2018)
3.	Argemone mexicana	Papaveraceae	March, April, May, June	Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle	Broadleaved herbaceous, seed propagated	Wild	Central Mexico, Honduras	All parts of plants are poisonous	Sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine	Perianal itching, pneumonia myocarditis and congestive cardiac failure, ascites, sarcoid-like skin changes, alopecia, hepatomegaly	Brahmachari et al. (2013)
4.	Brugmansia versicolor	Solanaceae	Mid-summer to fall	Angel’s trumpets	Broadleaf evergreen	Cultivated	Western part of South America, south of the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador	Flowers, leaves, and seeds	Alkaloids like atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine	Intense thirst, dilated pupils, high or low blood pressure, fast heartbeat, convulsions, difficulty breathing, illusions, paralysis, coma, death, nervousness, loss of memory	Petricevich et al. (2020)
5.	Butea monosperma	Fabaceae	January to March	Flame-of-the-forest	An erect deciduous tree with young parts hairy	Wild	Sub-tropical and tropical areas of the Indian Subcontinent and Asian southeast region.	All parts especially seeds	Fixed oil in the seed and glucoside butrin of the flower sap	Dizziness, headache, hypotension	Ahmad (2012)
6.	Chenopodium ambrosioides	Amaranthaceae	April -January	Mexican tea, Jesuit’s tea	Polymorphic annual, and perennial herb	Wild	Native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico	Leaves	Carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide and ascaridole	Vomiting, dizziness, headache, temporary deafness, kidney and liver damage, convulsions, paralysis, death	Da Silva et al. (2014)
7.	Chrozophora tinctoria	Euphorbiaceae	April to June	Dyer’s croton, giradol, or turnsole	Erect densely woolly herb	Wild	Mediterranean, Middle East, India, Pakistan, and Central Asia	All parts of plant are poisonous	Rutin, chrozophorin, saponins	Upset stomach, vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea	Al-Snafi (2015)
8.	Datura inoxia	Solanaceae	July to frost	Pricklyburr	Shrubby, sprawling, short-lived, tender perennial	Wild	Central America, Texas, Colombia	All portions of the plant are toxic especially foliage and seeds	Alkaloids, hyoscyamine, hyoscine	Enlarged pupils, dry mouth, trouble breathing, blurred vision, hallucinations, panic, death	Ahmad (2012)
9.	Datura stramonium	Solanaceae	March through November	Jimsonweed, locoweed, thorn apple, devil’s trumpet	Wild-growing herb	Wild	Central America, Caribbean	Seeds and leaves	Alkaloids, hyoscyamine, hyoscine	Blurred vision, dry mouth, dilated pupils, confusion, combative behaviour hallucinations, difficulty urinating	Ahmad (2012)
10.	Duranta erecta	Verbenaceae	Spring	Pigeon berry	Erect and spreading	Cultivated	Florida, South America	Leaves, fruit and bark are poisonous	Saponin	Vomiting and gastro-intestinal irritation, diarrhoea	Ahmad (2012)
11.	Euphorbia helioscopia	Euphorbiaceae	Mid-spring to late summer, May to October	Wart spurge, umbrella milkweed and madwoman’s milk	Erect perennial herb	Wild	Europe, northern Africa, Asia	Leaves	Diterpene 12-deoxypharbol	Nausea, allergic reactions, skin irritation, vomiting	Ahmad (2012)
12.	Euphorbia heterophylla	Euphorbiaceae	September-March	Mexican fireplant, painted euphorbia, wild poinsettia	A small, annual herb, glabrous	Wild	Central & S. USA, America, tropical Africa, Asia, Pacific countries	All fragments of the plant are lethal	Oil, saponins, glycosides	Nausea, allergic reactions, skin irritation, vomiting	Adedapo et al. (2004)
13.	Euphorbia pulcherrima	Euphorbiaceae	October to December	Poinsettia	Shrub or small tree	Wild	Mexico, Central America to southern Guatemala	All parts of plant are poisonous	Water soluble caoutchouc	Upset stomach, vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea	Ahmad (2012)
14.	Euphorbia royleana	Euphorbiaceae	Spring to early summer (March–July)	Sullu spurge, and Royle’s spurge	Deciduous, cactus-like, succulent shrub or small tree	Wild	Himalaya mountains from Pakistan, Nepal to western China India, Bhutan, Myanmar	All parts are poisonous	Epitaraxerol, ellagic acid, euphol, taraxerol, sitosterol in milky latex	Nausea, vomiting	Bhatia et al. (2014)
15.	Ipomoea carnea	Convolvulaceae	Fall–summer	Pink morning glory, bush morning glory	Twining plant	Wild	Tropical America, Caribbean, America, Africa, Australia, and Asia	Seeds and leaves	N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, calystegines B1, swainsonine, 2-epilentiginosine and B2, B3 and C1	Abnormal endocrine functions and gastrointestinal functions, immune system alternation, abnormality in embryogenesis	Wanule and Balkhande (2012)
16.	Nerium oleander	Apocynaceae	July to October	Oleander or nerium	Erect shrub bearing pink or white flowers	Cultivated	Mediterranean Basin	Entire plant	Cardiac glycosides of the cardenolide type	Weakness, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, headache, pain in stomach, death	Ahmad (2012)
17.	Parthenium hysterophorus	Asteraceae	March to October	Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed	Erect stout undershrubs	Wild	Subtropics of North and South America	All its parts including trichomes and pollen	Parthenin and other phenolic acids	Eczema skin inflammation, hay fever, asthma, burning and blisters, breathlessness and choking, allergic rhinitis, black spots, diarrhoea, severe erythematous eruptions	Ahmad (2012)
18.	Peganum harmala	Nitrariaceae	April and October	Wild rue, Syrian rue, African rue, esfand or espand, or harmel	Perennial, herbaceous plant	Wild	Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean area, Indian Pakistan, Iran, Africa, Central Asian republics semi-arid regions	Leaves and seeds	β-carbolines such as: harmalol, harman harmaline, harmine, and quinazoline derivatives	Hallucinations, neurosensory syndromes, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting	Mahmoudian et al. (2002)
19.	Physalis angulate	Solanaceae	Spring/ summer/ autumn	Cut-leaf ground-cherry, angular winter cherry	Multi-stemmed and spreading	Wild	USA, South America, NC	Unripe berries and leaves	Physalins	Headache, discomfort in stomach, dropped temperature, expanded pupils, nausea, diarrhoea, cardiac and breathing depression, loss of consciousness, fatal schistosomiasis	Pomilio et al. (2008)
20.	Ranunculus sceleratus	Ranunculaceae	May to September	Celery-leaved buttercup	Annual or short-lived perennial	Wild	Europe, Britain, primarily in central and northern areas	All parts of the plant are poisonous	Glycoside ranunculin	Enormously annoying to skin and mucous membranes. It may cause pain and burning perceptions, tongue inflammation, and intensification in saliva	Ahmad (2012)
21.	Ricinus communis	Euphorbiaceae	June to October	Castor oil plant	Tender perennial large shrub or small tree	Wild	Southeastern Basin, India Mediterranean, Eastern Africa	Seeds and leaves	Toxalbumin ricin	Nausea, sickness, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, desiccation, shock, simple fluid and chemical disturbances, destruction to the liver, kidney and pancreas, and eventually death	Ahmad (2012)
22.	Solanum incanum	Solanaceae	October–January	Thorn apple, bitter apple, bitterball and bitter tomato	An erect prickly shrub, stem prickly and prickles straight sharp	Wild	Saharan desert in Africa, Middle East, India	Dried unripe fruits	Glycoalkaloids such as solasonine, alkylamines such as nitrosamines and carcinogenic glycosides	Stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhoea	Madzimure et al. (2013)
23.	Solanum nigrum	Solanaceae	July to September	Black nightshade or blackberry nightshade	Short-lived perennial shrub	Wild	South America	Fruits, leaves	Steroidal glycoalkaloids like alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine	Stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhoea	Jabamalairaj et al. (2019)
24.	Sorghum halepense	Poaceae	Fall to summer	Johnsongrass	Arching dense erect spreading	Wild	Eastern, Mediteranean, Middle East countries	Leaves	Dhurrin, a cyanogenic glycoside, toxic levels of nitrates	Nervousness, progressive feebleness and difficulty breathing, breathlessness, increased pulse rate, muscular jerking, convulsions, death	Khan et al. (2018)
25.	Thevetia peruviana	Apocynaceae	Summer to fall	Luckynut, yellow oleander	Perennial or evergreen tropical shrub	Cultivated	Mexico, tropical South America	All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the kernels of the fruits and leaves	Glycosides, thevetin, cerebrin, neriifolin	Sickness, dizziness, electrolyte turbulences, cardiac dysrhythmias	Ahmad (2012)
26.	Trifolium repens	Fabaceae	Spring – summer	White clover	Creeping, prostrate	Wild	Europe, British Isles, central Asia	Leaves	Eyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin	Outbreaks, muscle ache, pain, sickness, and vaginal flow (spotting)	Refsgaard et al. (2010)
27.	Xanthium strumarium	Asteraceae	Fall to summer	Clotbur, common cocklebur, woolgarie bur	Erect, ground cover herb	Wild	North America	Leaves and seeds	Carboxyatractyloside	Sickness, muscular tremors, liver disintegration and seldom death	Ahmad (2012)

Qualitative foliar anatomical features of poisonous plants_

Plant species	Ad × Ab	ECS	AW	Stomata (P/A)	ST	GCS	Glands P/A	SPS	Trichome
Plant species	Ad × Ab	ECS	AW	Stomata (P/A)	ST	GCS	Glands P/A	SPS	Glandular	Non-glandular
Chrozophora tinctoria	Ad	Irregular	Deeply sinous	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	Sessile stellate
	Ab	Irregular	Deeply sinous	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	Sessile stellate
Buxus pilosula	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	A	-		A	Very narrowly elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Very narrowly elliptical	-	-
Parthenium hysterophorus	Ad	Irregular	Sinuate	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	P	Elliptical	-
	Ab	Irregular	Sinuate	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	P	Elliptical	-	Segmented with pointed tip and broad base
Datura innoxia	Ad	Irregular	Deeply undulate	P	Anisocytic anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Widely elliptical	-	Multicellular with pointed tip and broad base
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Widely elliptical	-	Multicellular with pointed tip and broad base
Ricinus communis	Ad	Polygonal	Straight/angular	P	Paracytic	Broad bean-shaped		Elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Elliptical	-	-
Alocasia macrorrhizos	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	A			A		-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Broad elliptical	-	-
Euphorbia royleana	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	A	-	-	A	-	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Very broad elliptical	-	-
Ranunculus sceleratus	Ad	Irregular	Wavy to sinous	P	Anomocytic	Bean-shaped	A	Elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Irregular	Wavy to sinous	P	Anomocytic	Bean-shaped	A	Elliptical	-	-
Thevetia peruviana	Ad	Irregular	Undulate	A	-	Broad bean-shaped	A	Widely elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight/wavy	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Widely elliptical	-	-
Agave americana	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Narrow bean-shaped	A	Concave-shaped	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Paracytic	Narrow bean-shaped	A	Concave-shaped	-	-
Brugmansia versicolor	Ad	Polygonal	Straight/angular	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Elliptical	-	Multicellular with pointed tip and broad base unicellular with bulbous tip
	Ab	Irregular	Undulate/sinous	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Widely elliptical	-	Multicellular with pointed tip and broad base unicellular with bulbous tip
Sorghum halepense	Ad	Rectangular	Thick sinous walls	p	Paracytic	Dumb bell-shaped	A	Very narrow elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Rectangular	Thick sinous walls	P	Paracytic	Dumb bell-shaped	A	Very narrow elliptical	-	-
Duranta repens	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	A	-	-	P	-	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	P	Widely elliptical		Unicellular with pointed tip
Physalis angulata	Ad	Irregular	Deeply sinous	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Irregular	Deeply sinous	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	-
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Ad	Polygonal	Angular	P	Anomocytic	Narrow kidney-shaped	P	Wide elliptical	Multicellular capitate	-
	Ab	Irregular	Wavy	P	Anisocytic	Wide kidney-shaped	P	Elliptical	Multicellular capitate	-
Trifolium repens	Ad	Irregular	Sinous	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight/angular	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	Multicellular capitate	-
Solanum nigrum	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anisocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	Multicellular 3–6 celled long with pointed tip
	Ab	Irregular	Undulate	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Elliptical		Multicellular 3–6 celled long with pointed tip
Butea monosperma	Ad	Polygonal	Angular	A	-	-	A	Elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Irregular	Wavy	P	Paracytic	Narrow bean-shaped	P	Very narrow elliptical	-	Unicellular with pointed tip
Argemone mexicana	Ad	Polygonal	Angular	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped		Narrow elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Heptagonal	Angular	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Very narrow elliptical	-	-
Peganum harmala	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Wide elliptical	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Wide elliptical	-	-
Solanum incanum	Ad	Rectangular	Straight	P	Anisocytic	Widely bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical		Stellate unicellular with pointed tip
	Ab	Polygonal	Angular	P	Anisocytic	Widely bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical		Stellate unicellular with pointed tip
Euphorbia helioscopia	Ad	Polygonal	Straight	A	-	-	A	-	-	-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	-
Euphorbia pulcherrima	Ad	Irregular	Undulate	A			A			Multicellular with pointed end
	Ab	Irregular	Undulate	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Narrow elliptical	-	Multicellular with pointed end
Ipomoea carnea	Ad	Rectangular to isodiametric	Straight	P	Cyclocytic	Broad bean-shaped		Very broad elliptical	Subsessile, capitate having 5–6 celled with a flat head	Unicellular and conical-shaped
	Ab	Irregular/tetragonal	Straight/sinous	P	Cyclocytic/ paracytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Very broad elliptical	Sub sessile, capitate having 5–6 celled a with flat head	Unicellular and conical-shaped
Ipomoea carnea	Ad	Polygonal	Straight/angular	A			A			-
	Ab	Polygonal	Straight	P	Anomocytic	Broad bean-shaped	A	Wide elliptical	Multicellular with bulbous head

Quantitative attributes of studied species_

Plant name	Ad × Ab	Length of epidermal cellMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Width of epidermal cellMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Length of guard cellsMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Width of guard cellsMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Length of stomata Mean(Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Width of stomataMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Length of subsidiary cellMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Width of subsidiary cellMean (Min–Max) ± SE(μm)	Length of stomatal poreMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Width of stomatal poreMean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Trichome length Mean (Min–Max) ± SE (μm)	Trichome width Mean(Min–Max) ± SE (μm)
Agave americana	Ad	69.95 (58.75–81.25)±3.97	24.65 (23.75–23.75) ± 0.37	20.0 (17.75–22.0) ± 0.78	6.90 (6.25–7.75) ±0.29	27.45 (25.25–29.75) ± 0.81	11.35 (10.25–12.75) ± 0.50	52.50 (43.75–63.75) ± 3.29	16.15 (12.75–21.25)± 1.65	17.30 (16.25–18.75) ± 0.45	1.55 (1.0–2.25) ± 0.242	Absent	Absent
	Ab	63.35 (53.75–81.25) ± 4.75	28.30 (26.25–30.25) ± 0.77	21.05 (20.25–21.75) ± 0.25	5.85 (4.75–7.25) ±0.43	24.30 (18.75–27.75) ± 1.77	13.15 (11.25–14.75) ± 0.65	50.55 (43.75–54.75) ± 2.14	25.35 (24.0–26.50) ± 0.46	19.40 (18.0–20.25) ± 0.44	0.90 (0.50–1.25) ± 0.16	Absent	Absent
Argemone mexicana	Ad	65.75 (50.25–73.25) ± 4.1	34.50 (32.25–37.25) ± 0.96	32.30 (31.25–34.0) ± 0.51	12.55 (10.25–13.75) ±0.64	32.95 (31.25–34.75) ± 0.60	26.55 (22.75–29.75) ± 1.39	54.50 (50.25–57.75) ± 1.23	26.45 (22.25–31.25)± 1.50	20.95 (18.75–22.75) ± 0.75	6.25 (5.25–7.25) ± 0.35	Absent	Absent
	Ab	57.95 (54.75–61.25)± 1.05	41.85 (27.25–47.25) ±3.6	27.20 (22.75–32.0) ± 1.7	12.45 (11.25–14.75) ± 0.64	30.55 (27.75–32.75) ±0.98	27.05 (23.75–29.75) ± 1.17	60.85 (51.75–74.75) ± 4.02	37.95 (34.75–41.25) ± 1.27	22.05 (20.25–23.75) ± 0.60	7.05 (5,25–8.75) ± 0.60	Absent	Absent
Brugmansia versicolor	Ad	42.25 (36.25–51.25) ± 2.55	36.25 (32.75–41.25)± 1.51	32.05 (30.25–33.75) ± 0.60	10.45 (8.75—12.25) ± 0.60	32.30 (31.25–33.75) ± 0.45	28.15 (26.25–29.75) ± 0.62	45.55 (38.75–53.25) ± 2.69	29.55 (27.75–31.25) ± 0.60	19.55 (17.75–21.25) ± 0.60	6.85 (3.75–9.75) ± 1.14	356.8 (341.25–375.25) ± 6.1	46.40 (41.25–52.25) ± 1.93
	Ab	39.30 (36.25–46.50) ± 1.84	33.75 (30.25–36.25) ± 1.34	27.95 (26.25–29.75) ± 0.60	10.90 (9.50–12.25) ± 0.54	27.95 (26.25–29.75) ± 0.60	25.15 (23.75–26.25) ± 0.43	47.40 (45.75–48.75) ± 0.55	32.30 (31.25–33.75) ± 0.45	19.70 (18.75–20.75) ± 0.37	8.10 (6.25–9.50) ± 0.58	307.35 (300.75–316.25) ± 2.62	25.55 (23.75–27.75) ± 0.68
Butea monosperma	Ab	30.95 (26.25–38.75)± 2.11	14.65 (11.25–18.25) ± 1.1	14.15 (13.25–l5.25) ± 0.36	6.75 (5.75–7.75) ± 0.35	14.15 (13.25–15.25) ± 0.36	10.7 (7.75–13.75) ± 1.14	23.40 (22.25–24.50) ± 0.40	9.70 (8.75–10.50) ± 0.32	8.95 (7.75–10.25) ± 0.40	4.35 (3.75–5.25) ± 0.29	168.3 (148.75–183.75) ± 6.07	11.25 (8.75–13.75) ± 0.92
	Ad	30.75 (28.75–33.75) ± 0.85	21.10 (18.75–23.75) ± 0.96	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	225.9 (212.75–234.0) ± 3.8	15.35 (13.75–17.25) ± 0.57
Buxus pilosula	Ad	55.45 (52.75–57.75) ± 0.96	40.0 (37.75–42.0) ± 0.78	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
	Ab	45.15 (37.75–56.25) ± 3.79	29.65 (26.25–32.75) ± 1.07	25.25 (23.75–27.75) ± 0.77	4.30 (3.0–5.25) ± 0.40	25.25 (23.75–27.75) ± 0.77	12.85 (11.25–14.25) ± 0.53	39.70 (35.75–46.25) ± 1.91	9.95 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.40	21.65 (20.25–23.25) ± 0.57	3.95 (2.75–5.25) ± 0.46	Absent	Absent
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Ad	50.70 (48.0–53.25) ± 1.00	26.55 (24.75–28.75) ± 0.75	24.15 (22.75–25.75) ± 0.50	9.35 (8.50–10.25) ± 0.30	24.25 (22.75–25.25) ± 0.44	19.45 (17.75–20.75) ± 0.53	28.75 (25.25–32.25) ± 1.36	26.35 (23.75–30.25) ± 1.16	15.85 (14.75–17.25) ± 0.43	7.35 (6.25–8.75) ± 0.43	66.05 (63.75–67.75) ± 0.76	20.85 (17.75–23.75) ± 1.06
	Ab	75.05 (72.75–77.25) ± 0.81	28.05 (26.25–30.25) ± 0.68	20.45 (18.75–22.25) ± 0.60	8.55 (7.25–9.75) ± 0.46	21.25 (19.75–22.75) ± 0.57	18.95 (17.75–22.75) ± 0.57	44.75 (42.75–47.25) ± 0.75	18.45 (16.25–22.0) ± 1.01	14.30 (12.0–15.75) ± 0.66	8.05 (6.25–10.25) ± 0.68	57.70 (52.25–64.0) ± 2.28	26.25 (24.75–27.75) ± 0.57
Chrozophora tinctoria	Ad	45.25 (38.75–57.25) ± 3.21	23.0 (21.225–24.75) ± 0.60	32.05 (30.25–33.75) ± 0.60	9.85 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.43	32.25 (30.25–33.75) ± 0.68	20.4(18.75–22.0) ± 0.56	44.0 (37.75–52.25) ± 2.51	15.45 (13.75–17.25) ± 0.60	17.0 (15.25–18.75) ± 0.60	4.8 (3.75–5.75) ± 0.33	226.2(214.0–248.7) ± 6.01	10.45 (7.25–12.75) ± 1.05
	Ab	48.4(43.75–56.25) ± 2.10	18.25 (13.75–23.75) ± 1.7	33.25 (31.25–35.25) ± 0.75	7.55 (6.25–8.75) ± 0.40	32.95 (30.25–35.25) ± 0.94	20.55 (18.75–22.25) ± 0.60	41.0(35.25–48.75) ± 2.72	19.35 (17.75–21.25) ± 0.62	15.49 (13.75–17.25) ± 0.58	3.80 (3.0–4.75) ± 0.36	182.4 (143.75–218.75) ± 16.0	9.95 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.40
Alocasia macrorrhizos	Ad	57.05 (50.25–65.25) ± 2.83	26.95 (25.25–28.25) ± 0.53	34.60 (32.75–36.50) ± 0.64	12.15 (10.75–13.75) ± 0.53	34.30 (32.75–36.50) ± 0.69	26.60 (24.75–28.75) ± 0.77	32.55 (30.75–34.75) ± 0.75	10.15 (8.75–11.50) ± 0.51	22.55 (21.25–24.25) ± 0.62	6.15 (5.25–7.25) ± 0.40	Absent	Absent
	Ab	52.95 (50.25–56.25) ± 1.04	37.05 (35.25–38.75) ± 0.60	34.55 (32.75–36.25) ± 0.60	10.25 (8.75–13.75) ± 0.92	35.05 (32.75–37.25) ± 0.81	27.15 (25.75–28.75) ± 0.53	28.10 (27.75–29.0) ± 0.33	20.45 (16.25–24.75) ± 1.49	21.65 (20.25–22.75) ± 0.43	8.25 (6.25–11.25) ± 0.85	Absent	Absent
Datura innoxia	Ad	50.55 (48.75–52.75) ± 0.68	22.75 (21.25–24.75) ± 0.68	22.45 (20.25–24.75) ± 0.81	6.80 (5.25–8.0) ± 0.50	23.85 (20.25–26.25) ± 0.99	17.55 (15.25–19.75) ± 0.81	38.35 (28.75–44.75) ± 2.90	14.95 (12.25–17.75) ± 0.95	12.95 (12.25–13.75) ± 0.25	6.65 (5.25–7.75) ± 0.43	211.8 (191.25–248.75) ± 10.3	16.05 (13.75–18.75) ± 0.93
	Ab	48.05 (45.25–50.25) ± 0.98	20.55 (18.75–22.75) ± 0.68	24.10 (22.75–25.25) ± 0.43	6.90 (6.25–7.75) ± 0.26	23.95 (22.75–25.25) ± 0.46	18.35 (17.25–19.75) ± 0.43	29.55 (28.75–30.25) ± 0.25	24.50 (22.25–26.25) ± 0.67	14.85 (13.75–15.75) ± 0.33	5.60 (4.75–6.25) ± 0.29	235.0 (228.75–243.75) ± 2.7	22.55 (20.25–25.25) ± 0.88
Duranta repens	Ab	47.0 (44.50–48.75) ± 0.75	19.70 (18.75–20.75) ± 0.34	28.15 (27.25–28.75) ± 0.29	8.15 (7.25–8.75) ± 0.29	29.15 (27.75–31.25) ± 0.62	22.35 (21.25–23.75) ± 0.43	29.45 (28.0–30.50) ± 0.47	22.35 (21.25–23.75) ± 0.43	15.05 (14.25–16.25) ± 0.33	9.85 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.43	150.9 (143.75–158.75) ± 2.53	17.05 (14.75–18.75) ± 0.71
	Ad	32.65 (24.75–40.25) ± 3.17	14.35 (13.75–15.25) ± 0.29	23.35 (21.25–24.75) ± 0.69	6.60 (5.25–7.75) ± 0.43	23.35 (21.25–24.75) ± 0.69	17.05 (16.25–17.75) ± 0.25	28.75 (26.25–31.25) ± 0.92	10.95 (8.75–12.75) ± 0.75	12.25 (11.25–12.75) ± 0.27	4.40 (3.75–5.25) ± 0.26	159.2 (154.0–162.75) ± 1.64	16.1 (14.0–18.25) ± 0.71
Euphorbia helioscopia	Ad	99.50 (75.5–125.1) ± 9.02	36.50 (35.1–37.3) ± 0.61	27.5 (25.1–27.50) ± 0.50	19.50 (17.50–20.1) ± 0.50	16.50 (12.50–17.50) ± 1.0	2.75 (2.50–3.1) ± 0.14	27.5 (25.1–27.50) ± 0.50	7.9 (7.50–8.25) ± 0.36	41.1 (25.1–52.1) ± 4.8	16.50 (17.50–25.1) ± 1.0	895.2 (750.2–1100) ± 70	11.85 (10.1–13.1) ± 1.21
	Ab	84.50 (75.1–87.50) ± 2.42	36.50 (35.1–40.3) ± 1.0	26.1 (25.1–27.50) ± 0.61	20.25 (18.75–22.50) ± 0.61	17.50 (15.1–20.3) ± 0.79	2.65 (2.50–3.1) ± 0.11	26.50 (25.1–27.50) ± 0.61	9.50 (7.50–10.1) ± 0.50	39.1 (35.1–50.1) ± 2.80	18.50 (17.50–20.1) ± 0.61	Absent	Absent
Euphorbia pulcherrima	Ad	35.30 (33.75–37.25) ± 0.66	20.05 (18.25–21.75) ± 0.68	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	249.9 (238.2–262.7) ± 4.1	19.55 (17.75–21.25) ± 0.60
	Ab	34.55 (32.75–36.25) ± 0.60	19.55 (17.75–21.25) ± 0.60	23.95 (22.75–25.25) ± 0.46	8.05 (7.25–9.25) ± 0.40	24.55 (22.75–26.25) ± 0.60	14.05 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	33.86 (32.75–34.75) ± 0.33	24.55 (22.75–26.25) ± 0.60	16.25 (15.25–17.25) ± 0.35	3.50 (2.75–4.25) ± 0.27	166.5 (160.25–173.25) ± 2.6	14.75 (12.75–16.25) ± 0.68
Euphorbia royleana	Ad	46.45 (43.75–52.25) ± 1.50	37.15 (33.75–39.75) ± 1.04	33.45 (30.75–36.25) ± 1.07	9.80 (8.75–10.50) ± 0.30	33.75 (31.25–36.25) ± 0.92	29.85 (27.75–31.25) ± 0.69	57.30 (53.75–61.25) ± 1.48	31.15 (26.25–39.75) ± 2.29	22.30 (20.25–25.25) ± 0.88	7.05 (5.25–8.75) ± 0.60	Absent	Absent
	Ab	41.85 (38.75–43.75) ± 0.88	30.80 (27.75–34.75) ± 1.23	32.05 (30.25–33.75) ± 0.60	10.15 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.43	31.95 (30.25–33.25) ± 0.53	26.45 (25.25–27.75) ± 0.46	50.95 (48.75–53.25) ± 0.86	24.90 (21.25–29.75) ± 1.40	22.95 (21.25–24.75) ± 0.60	7.85 (7.0–8.75) ± 0.34	Absent	Absent
Ipomoea carnea	Ad	29.25 (26.25–33.75) ± 1.31	25.45 (23.75–27.25) ± 0.60	24.15 (22.25–27.75) ± 1.01	10.45 (9.75–11.25) ± 0.25	26.15 (22.75–28.75) ± 1.04	21.65 (20.25–22.75) ± 0.43	23.45 (7.75–35.25) ± 5.96	9.50 (8.75–10.25) ± 0.27	19.55 (17.75–21.25) ± 0.60	10.05 (7.75–12.25) ± 0.81	39.55 (37.75–41.25) ± 0.60	12.95 (9.75–17.75) ± 1.43
	Ab	30.95 (26.25–38.75) ± 2.11	14.65 (11.25–18.25) ± 1.13	14.15 (13.25–15.25) ± 0.36	6.75 (5.75–7.75) ± 0.35	14.15 (13.25–15.25) ± 0.36	10.70 (7.75–13.75) ± 1.14	23.40 (22.25–24.50) ± 0.40	9.70 (8.75–10.50) ± 0.32	8.95 (7.75–10.25) ± 0.40	4.35 (3.75–5.25) ± 0.29	168.3 (148.75–183.75) ± 6.0	11.25 (8.75–13.75) ± 0.92
Parthenium hysterophorus	Ad	33.95 (26.25–41.25) ± 2.4	15.50 (13.75–18.75) ± 0.92	24.15 (23.25–25.25) ± 0.36	7.10 (6.25–8.0) ± 0.34	24.05 (22.75–25.25) ± 0.43	16.4 (15.25–17.75) ± 0.48	28.75 (24.50–32.75) ± 1.52	18.95 (15.75–23.75) ± 1.45	18.1 (16.25–19.75) ± 0.67	4.95 (3.75–6.25) ± 0.40	165.4 (153.7–173.2) ± 3.70	29.74 (28.13–32.64) ± 0.68
	Ab	38.95 (36.50–43.75) ± 1.30	18.35 (16.25–21.25) ± 0.84	19.95 (18.25–21.25) ± 0.62	7.95 (6.25–9.50) ± 0.56	20.35 (18.25–22.25) ± 0.78	18.10 (16.5–19.75) ± 0.56	30.75 (27.75–37.25) ± 1.69	18.45 (16.25–20.25) ± 0.75	12.0 (7,75–15.25) ± 1.40	4.30 (3.75–5.25) ± 0.3	195.0 (175.2–211.2) ± 6.19	30.85 (29.25–33.75) ± 0.79
Peganum harmala	Ad	90.75 (62.75–103.25) ± 7.41	29.35 (27.25–32.25) ± 0.87	23.95 (22.25–26.25) ± 0.70	11.35 (10.50–12.25) ± 0.34	25.10 (23.0–28.75) ± 0.99	23.75 (21.25–26.25) ± 0.85	23.55 (21.75–26.25) ± 0.84	23.45 (18.75–29.75) ± 1.9	15.35 (12.75–17.75) ± 0.94	10.4 (7.75–13.75) ± 1.1	Absent	Absent
	Ab	99.45 (95.25–103.7) ± 1.4	27.60 (22.25–37.75) ± 2.7	25.90 (22.75–29.75) ± 1.2	10.55 (8.75–12.75) ± 0.68	29.55 (27.75–31.25) ± 0.60	24.75 (22.25–27.25) ± 0.97	25.80 (22.25–30.25) ± 1.39	25.45 (18.75–29.75) ± 1.86	15.75 (12.75–17.25) ± 0.83	9.55 (7.75–12.25) ± 0.93	Absent	Absent
Physalis angulata	Ad	59.53 (52.0–75.50) ± 4.53	26.40 (25.25–27.25) ± 0.33	26.05 (25.25–27.25) ± 0.34	9.55 (8.25–10.75) ± 0.46	26.05 (25.25–27.25) ± 0.33	24.05 (22.75–25.75) ± 0.62	59.75 (51.50–76.0) ± 4.52	27.30 (25.75–30.25) ± 0.89	13.15 (12.75–13.75) ± 0.16	6.95 (5.25–8.25) ± 0.53	Absent	Absent
	Ab	43.90 (26.75–51.50) ± 4.81	26.0 (24.75–27.25) ± 0.44	25.45 (24.75–26.25) ± 0.24	3.75 (3.00–4.75) ± 0.28	25.70 (25.25–26.25) ± 0.16	26.0 (25.25–26.75) ± 0.27	37.45 (26.50–52.25) ± 4.97	24.85 (22.75–26.50) ± 0.70	23.0 (21.25–25.75) ± 0.80	7.15 (5.25–9.75) ± 0.93	Absent	Absent
Ranunculus sceleratus	Ad	54.15 (47.75–61.25) ± 2.34	41.0 (33.75–47.25) ± 2.53	34.25 (32.75–36.25 ± 0.65	9.85 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.40	34.05 (32.75–35.25) ± 0.43	24.85 (23.0–26.75) ± 0.71	50.20 (42.75–54.50) ± 2.1	32.40 (25.25–38.75) ± 2.40	21.30 (20.25–22.25) ± 0.3	7.50 (6.25–8.75) ± 0.41	Absent	Absent
	Ab	64.05 (60.25–67.25) ± 1.21	52.25 (50.25–54.75) ± 0.85	32.15 (28.75–34.75) ± 1.04	10.70 (8.50–12.75) ± 0.88	31.50 (27.75–34.75) ± 1.89	27.45 (25.25–29.75) ± 0.81	53.40 (47.75–59.0) ± 1.89	35.85 (27.75–42.75) ± 3.07	20.25 (18.75–21.25) ± 0.47	7.50 (5.25–9.76) ± 0.83	Absent	Absent
Ricinus communis	Ad	40.50 (38.75–42.25) ± 0.60	17.0 (13.75–20.25) ± 1.05	33.75 (31.25–38.75) ± 1.31	19.05 (17.25–21.0) ± 0.71	32.85 (31.25–34.25) ± 0.53	18.75 (16.25–21.0) ± 0.89	19.85 (16.25–23.75) ± 1.2	9.5 (8.0–12.25) ± 0.74	20.70 (18.75–23.0) ± 0.71	8.15 (6.75–10.25) ± 0.62	Absent	Absent
	Ab	35.15 (32.75–37.75) ± 0.88	18.05 (13.75–24.75) ± 1.83	27.40 (25.50–28.75) ± 0.65	7.55 (6.25–8.75) ± 0.46	26.6 (24.75–28.75) ± 0.75	15.05 (12.75–17.25) ± 0.81	29.15 (26.25–30.75) ± 0.79	11.85 (10.25–13.75) ± 0.69	13.65 (11.25–15.25) ± 0.69	6.60 (5.75–7.75) ± 0.38	Absent	Absent
Sambucus nigra	Ad	61.75 (58.75–63.75) ± 0.85	45.05 (38.75–49.75) ± 1.92	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
	Ab	63.75 (61.25–65.25) ± 0.68	35.65 (32.75–38.75) ± 1.10	42.95 (41.25–44.75) ± 0.60	11.45 (10.25–12.75) ± 0.46	46.95 (43.75–49.75) ± 1.15	34.55 (32.75–36.25) ± 0,64	49.55 (47.75–51.25) ± 0.60	23.75 (22.75–24.75) ± 0.35	26.65 (25.25–27.75) ± 0.43	13.75 (12.25–14.75) ± 0.41	118.25 (113.7–123.7) ± 1.9	24.85 (23.75–26.25) ± 0.43u
Solanum nigrum	Ad	69.55 (67.75–71.25) ± 0.64	30.15 (28.75–31.25) ± 0.43	29.80 (28.75–31.25) ± 0.45	7.90 (6.25–9.50) ± 0.56	29.80 (28.75–31.25) ± 0.45	19.10 (17.75–20.25) ± 0.43	29.75 (28.75–31.25) ± 0.47	24.50 (23.75–25.25) ± 0.27	17.25 (16.25–18.25) ± 0.35	1.85 (1.25–2.75) ± 0.29	255.5 (226.2–288.7) ± 11.7	33.45 (31.25–35.25) ± 0.75
	Ab	67.75 (64.75–71.75) ± 1.55	37.15 (35.75–38.75) ± 0.53	27.35 (26.25–28.75) ± 0.43	7.30 (6.25–8.75) ± 0.45	27.35 (26.25–28.75) ± 0.43	16.85 (16.25–17.75) ± 0.29	40.35 (38.75–42.75) ± 0.76	13.0 (11.50–14.75) ± 0.57	17.75 (16.25–19.75) ± 0.61	2.25 (1.25–2.75) ± 0.27	229.1 (138.7–275.2) ± 24.0	39.85 (33.75–48.75) ± 2.47
Solanum incanum	Ad	66.75 (65.25–68.75) ± 0.65	12.25 (11.25–13.25) ± 0.35	21.65 (20.25–22.75) ± 0.43	8.0 (7.25–9.0) ± 0.37	21.55 (20.25–22.75) ± 0.43	14.25 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.44	28.15 (26.25–29.75) ± 0.62	14.45 (13.25–15.25) ± 0.40	14.05 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	7.05)6.25–7.75) ± 0.25	218.2 (210.25–225.25) ± 2.85	17.1 (15.25–18.75) ± 0.64
	Ab	34.45 (32.75–36.25) ± 0.60	14.15 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	14.15 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	6.15 (5.25–7.25) ± 0.40	14.15 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	11.35 (10.25–12.75) ± 0.43	27.95 (26.25–29.75) ± 0.60	14.10 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.43	6.65 (5.25–7.75) ± 0.43	5.25 (4.25–6.25) ± 0.35	236.0 (224.75–247.75) ± 3.7	22.85 (21.25–25.25) ± 0.73
Sorghum halepense	Ad	85.20 (64.75–100.2) ± 6.8	21.30 (18.75–24.75) ± 1.03	32.05 (29.75–34.75) ± 0.81	10.30 (8.75–11.75) ± 0.55	31.90 (30.25–33.0) ± 0.50	19.45 (17.75–20.75) ± 0.53	61.9 (52.75–67.75) ± 2.46	22.80 (2125–25.25) ± 0.69	13.85 (12.75–15.25) ± 0.50	3.40 (2.75–4.25) ± 0.26	Absent	Absent
	Ab	47.95 (46.25–49.75) ± 0.60	34.15 (32.75–35.25) ± 0.43	32.95 (31.25–34.75) ± 0.60	10.40 (8.0–12.25) ± 0.85	32.75 (31.25–34.75) ± 0.65	23.05 (21.75–24.75) ± 0.53	44.40 (42.75–46.25) ± 0.61	24.85 (23.75–26.50) ± 0.49	22.20 (21.25–23.0) ± 0.32	4.50 (3.75–5.25) ± 0.25	Absent	Absent
Thevetia peruviana	Ad	35.65 (33.75–37.75) ± 0.67	28.25 (25.25–31.25) ± 1.10									Absent	Absent
	Ab	45.70 (41.25–52.25) ± 2.1	29.10 (26.25–22.75) ± 1.3	25.85 (23.75–27.75) ± 0.79	4.85 (3.75–6.25) ± 0.43	25.60 (23.75–27.75) ± 0.69	15.45 (13.75–17.25) ± 0.60	43.0 (38.75–48.75) ± 1.64	22.50 (18.75–28.75) ± 1.79	12.85 (11.25–14.75) ± 0.64	7.70 (5.50–10.25) ± 0.85	Absent	Absent
Trifolium repens	Ad	30.35 (24.75–36.25) ± 1.90	21.25 (18.75–23.75) ± 0.92	17.95 (16.25–19.75) ± 0.60	5.20 (4.50–6.25) ± 0.30	17.95 (16.25–19.75) ± 0.60	12.30 (11.25–13.25) ± 0.33	34.70 (33.75–35.50) ± 0.32	17.15 (15.25–18.75) ± 0.62	9.85 (8.75–11.25) ± 0.43	3.60 (3.0–4.25) ± 0.21	Absent	Absent
	Ab	42.35 (41.25–43.75) ± 0.43	30.15 (28.75–31.25) ± 0.43	20.25 (17.75–23.75) ± 1.04	7.20 (6.25–8.0) ± 0.32	21.85 (17.75–24.75) ± 1.20	14.55 (13.75–15.25) ± 0.25	44.95 (43.75–46.25) ± 0.40	27.20 (25.75–29.0) ± 0.57	10.50 (8.75–12.25) ± 0.60	4.85 (3.75–6.25) ± 0.43	Absent	Absent

Collector names, voucher numbers, altitude, locality and district of studied species_

S. No.	Taxa	Collector	Voucher number	Altitude (m)	Locality	District
1	Agave americana L.	Aqsa Abid	131601	540	QAU	Islamabad
2	Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don	Aqsa Abid	131602	508	Rawalpindi	Punjab
3	Argemone mexicana L.	Aqsa Abid	131603	540	QAU	Islamabad
4	Brugmansia versicolor Lagerh	Sabir Ahmed	131604	540	Capital territory	Islamabad
5	Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.	Aqsa Abid, Salman	131605	540	QAU colony	Islamabad
6	Buxus pilosula Urb	Aqsa Abid	131606	1064	Margalla hills	Islamabad
7	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Aqsa Abid	131607	508	Rawalpindi	Punjab
8	Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss.	Aqsa Abid	131608	980	Islamia college Peshawar	KPK
9	Datura innoxia Mill.	Aqsa Abid	131609	508	Rawalpindi	Punjab
10	Duranta erecta L.	Aqsa Abid	131610	540	Capital territory	Islamabad
11	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Aqsa Abid	131611	508	Dhamial camp	Punjab
12	Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch	Aqsa Abid	131612	540	QAU girls hostel	Islamabad
13	Euphorbia royleana Boiss	Aqsa Abid	131613	540	QAU	Islamabad
14	Ipomoea carnea Jacq.	Aqsa Abid	131614	279	Chakri	Rawalpimdi
15	Parthenium hysterophorus L.	Aqsa Abid	131615	482	Dhamial camp	Rawalpindi
16	Peganum harmala L.	Aqsa Abid	131616	508	Rawalpindi	Punjab
17	Physalis angulata L.	Aqsa Abid	131617	540	QAU	Islamabad
18	Ranunculus sceleratus L.	Beenish	131618	165	Dera ismail khan	Punjab
19	Ricinus communis L.	Aqsa Abid	131619	482	Dhamial camp	Islamabad
20	Sambucus nigra L.	Aqsa Abid	131620	540	QAU	Islamabad
21	Solanum nigrum L.	Aqsa Abid	131621	1604	Margalla hills	Islamabad
22	Solanum incanum L.	Aqsa Abid	131622	279	Chakri	Rawalpindi
23	Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.	Aqsa Abid	131623	500	Morgah	Rawalpindi
24	Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum.	Aqsa Abid	131624	540	Capital territory	Islamabad
25	Trifolium repens L.	Bushra Ali	131625	2601	Khaplu	Gilgit Baltistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761

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Language: English

Page range: 243 - 274

Submitted on: Jan 24, 2023

Accepted on: Jun 22, 2023

Published on: Dec 31, 2023

Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 times per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Zoology,

Ecology,

Life sciences, other

© 2023 Aqsa Abid, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, Salman Majeed, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 35 (2023): Issue 2 (December 2023)Next article

Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance

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Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Comprehensive review study of poisonous plants_

Qualitative foliar anatomical features of poisonous plants_

Quantitative attributes of studied species_

Collector names, voucher numbers, altitude, locality and district of studied species_

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