Silicon dioxide-nanoparticle nutrition mitigates salinity in gerbera by modulating ion accumulation and antioxidants

Figures & Tables

Treatments		MSI (%)	EL	RWC

Salinity (mM)	SiO₂-NPs (mg · L⁻¹)
Control	0	93.13 ± 0.10 a	32.92 ± 0.90 fg	89.23 ± 0.23 ab
	25	75.08 ± 0.95 cd	31.52 ± 0.72 g	90.16 ± 0.13 a
	50	72.26 ± 0.90 cde	31.73 ± 0.44 g	89.83 ± 0.82 a
5	0	81.87 ± 0.90 b	36.41 ± 0.01 ef	86.07 ± 0.16 cd
	25	77.54 ± 0.90 bc	34.07 ± 0.02 fg	87.23 ± 0.40 bc
	50	70.78 ± 0.95 defg	33.98 ± 0.02 fg	85.56 ± 0.61 cd
10	0	71.46 ± 0.70 defg	39.66 ± 0.70 de	82.60 ± 0.32 ef
	25	69.22 ± 0.20 efgh	35.75 ± 0.30 f	84.63 ± 0.31 de
	50	71.61 ± 0.80 def	39.59 ± 0.90 de	81.73 ± 0.90 f
20	0	68.86 ± 0.35 efgh	51.44 ± 0.75 b	80.83 ± 0.37 fg
	25	66.41 ± 0.30 efgh	45.70 ± 0.90 c	82.46 ± 0.75 ef
	50	65.27 ± 0.90 gh	41.50 ± 0.70 d	81.03 ± 0.39 fg
30	0	65.59 ± 0.90 fgh	60.41 ± 0.40 a	67.60 ± 0.24 i
	25	63.49 ± 0.70 h	46.33 ± 0.90 c	78.83 ± 0.62 g
	50	63.73 ± 0.45 h	46.23 ± 0.60 c	74.24 ± 0.90 h

Macronutrient	g · L⁻¹	Micronutrient	mg · L⁻¹
Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O	0.47	H₃BO₃	2.86
KNO₃	0.3	MnCl₂ 4H₂O	1.81
MgSO₄ 7H₂O	0.25	ZnSO₄ 7H₂O	0.22
NH₄H₂PO₄	0.06	Na₂MOO₄.2H₂O	0.02
Iron (Fe-EDTA)	0.1	CuSO₄.5H₂O	0.08

Treatments		Leaf No.	Flower No.	Plant fresh weight (g)	Plant dry weight (g)

Salinity (mM)	SiO₂-NPs (mg ·L⁻¹)
Control	0	9.33 ± 0.60 ab	1.56 ± 0.20 abc	79.33 ± 0.25 a	29.33 ± 0.25 a
	25	9.33 ± 0.50 ab	1.86 ± 0.03 a	79.93 ± 0.05 a	29.46 ± 0.45 a
	50	9.00 ± 0.50 abc	1.73 ± 0.03 a	80.16 ± 0.60 a	24.50 ± 1.80 bc
5	0	8.83 ± 0.70 abc	1.52 ± 0.20 abc	77.73 ± 0.15 abc	3.12 ± 1.70 f
	25	9.16 ± 0.90 ab	1.86 ± 0.03 a	78.90 ± 0.25 ab	25.90 ± 1.10 ab
	50	8.83 ± 0.50 abc	1.70 ± 0.05 ab	77.23 ± 0.20 abcd	24.33 ± 1.30 bc
10	0	7.83 ± 0.40 abc	1.21 ± 0.10 cde	73.93 ± 0.75 bcdef	18.26 ± 2.10 de
	25	9.66 ± 0.95 a	1.63 ± 0.03 ab	75.96 ± 0.60 abcde	21.16 ± 0.90 cd
	50	8.16 ± 0.35 abc	1.33 ± 0.15 bcd	70.03 ± 0.90 ef	18.63 ± 0.30 de
20	0	7.16 ± 0.30 abc	0.98 ± 0.04 def	71.83 ± 0.10 def	20.83 ± 0.45 cd
	25	7.66 ± 0.75 abc	1.20 ± 0.10 cde	72.80 ± 0.45 cdef	22.33 ± 0.90 bcd
	50	7.50 ± 0.25 abc	1.00 ± 0.08 def	71.03 ± 0.40 ef	26.03 ± 0.40 ab
30	0	6.50 ± 0.60 c	0.70 ± 0.05 f	64.93 ± 0.90 g	15.10 ± 0.45 e
	25	7.66 ± 0.15 abc	0.90 ± 0.05 ef	71.83 ± 0.90 def	16.26 ± 0.60 e
	50	7.00 ± 0.60 bc	0.73 ± 0.03 f	69.10 ± 0.50 fg	16.33 ± 0.30 e

Treatments		Ca²⁺ (g · 100 g⁻¹ FW)	K⁺ (g · 100 g⁻¹ FW)	Na⁺ (g · 100 g⁻¹ FW)

Salinity (mM)	SiO₂-NPs (mg · L⁻¹)
Control	0	2.38 ± 0.07 cd	1.77 ± 0.04 bc	0.89 ± 0.02 h
	25	2.69 ± 0.01 b	2.33 ± 0.06 a	0.64 ± 0.04 i
	50	2.94 ± 0.02 a	1.86 ± 0.01 b	0.70 ± 0.02 i
5	0	2.22 ± 0.04 de	1.69 ± 0.02 c	1.72 ± 0.03 f
	25	2.42 ± 0.05 c	1.71 ± 0.02 c	1.24 ± 0.01 g
	50	2.45 ± 0.05 c	1.86 ± 0.04 b	1.29 ± 0.01 g
10	0	2.11 ± 0.04 e	1.23 ± 0.04 e	2.28 ± 0.01 d
	25	2.20 ± 0.04 de	1.46 ± 0.03 d	1.96 ± 0.07 e
	50	2.15 ± 0.08 e	1.50 ± 0.05 d	2.49 ± 0.03 c
20	0	1.55 ± 0.04 f	1.01 ± 0.04 fg	2.63 ± 0.06 c
	25	1.59 ± 0.02 f	1.28 ± 0.02 e	2.21 ± 0.03 d
	50	1.72 ± 0.03 f	1.02 ± 0.03 fg	2.23 ± 0.04 d
30	0	0.91 ± 0.08 h	0.85 ± 0.01 h	3.17 ± 0.03 a
	25	1.14 ± 0.06 g	1.08 ± 0.05 f	2.97 ± 0.05 b
	50	1.31 ± 0.02 g	0.93 ± 0.03 gh	2.50 ± 0.08 c