Figure 1
![Gerbera cv. ‘Teera Kalina’ under different salinity levels [S0 = 0 mM (control), S1 = 5 mM, S2 = 10 mM, S3 = 20 mM and S4 = 30 mM] sprayed with 25 mg · L−1 SiO2-NPs.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471d0b9215d2f6c89db1c12/j_fhort-2021-0007_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251208%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251208T211750Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a05959289b3c0009c3e1ee4804b989e7fea73d1d8dc06e21238b901f20bf4142&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
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Effect of SiO2-NPs and salt stress on physiological and biochemical traits of gerbera cv_ ‘Teera Kalina’_
| Treatments | MSI (%) | EL | RWC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salinity (mM) | SiO2-NPs (mg · L−1) | |||
| Control | 0 | 93.13 ± 0.10 a | 32.92 ± 0.90 fg | 89.23 ± 0.23 ab |
| 25 | 75.08 ± 0.95 cd | 31.52 ± 0.72 g | 90.16 ± 0.13 a | |
| 50 | 72.26 ± 0.90 cde | 31.73 ± 0.44 g | 89.83 ± 0.82 a | |
| 5 | 0 | 81.87 ± 0.90 b | 36.41 ± 0.01 ef | 86.07 ± 0.16 cd |
| 25 | 77.54 ± 0.90 bc | 34.07 ± 0.02 fg | 87.23 ± 0.40 bc | |
| 50 | 70.78 ± 0.95 defg | 33.98 ± 0.02 fg | 85.56 ± 0.61 cd | |
| 10 | 0 | 71.46 ± 0.70 defg | 39.66 ± 0.70 de | 82.60 ± 0.32 ef |
| 25 | 69.22 ± 0.20 efgh | 35.75 ± 0.30 f | 84.63 ± 0.31 de | |
| 50 | 71.61 ± 0.80 def | 39.59 ± 0.90 de | 81.73 ± 0.90 f | |
| 20 | 0 | 68.86 ± 0.35 efgh | 51.44 ± 0.75 b | 80.83 ± 0.37 fg |
| 25 | 66.41 ± 0.30 efgh | 45.70 ± 0.90 c | 82.46 ± 0.75 ef | |
| 50 | 65.27 ± 0.90 gh | 41.50 ± 0.70 d | 81.03 ± 0.39 fg | |
| 30 | 0 | 65.59 ± 0.90 fgh | 60.41 ± 0.40 a | 67.60 ± 0.24 i |
| 25 | 63.49 ± 0.70 h | 46.33 ± 0.90 c | 78.83 ± 0.62 g | |
| 50 | 63.73 ± 0.45 h | 46.23 ± 0.60 c | 74.24 ± 0.90 h | |
Composition and concentration of Macro and micro-elements used in modified Hogland solution_
| Macronutrient | g · L−1 | Micronutrient | mg · L−1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ca(NO3)2.4H2O | 0.47 | H3BO3 | 2.86 |
| KNO3 | 0.3 | MnCl2 4H2O | 1.81 |
| MgSO4 7H2O | 0.25 | ZnSO4 7H2O | 0.22 |
| NH4H2PO4 | 0.06 | Na2MOO4.2H2O | 0.02 |
| Iron (Fe-EDTA) | 0.1 | CuSO4.5H2O | 0.08 |
SiO2-NPs properties_
| SiO2-NPs | |
|---|---|
| Purity | 99+% |
| APS | 20–30 nm |
| SSA | 180–600 m2 · g−1 |
| Colour | White |
| Morphology | Amorphous |
| True density | 2.4 g · cm−3 |
Effect of SiO2-NPs and salt stress on morphological parameters of gerbera cv_ ‘Teera Kalina’_
| Treatments | Leaf No. | Flower No. | Plant fresh weight (g) | Plant dry weight (g) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salinity (mM) | SiO2-NPs (mg ·L−1) | ||||
| Control | 0 | 9.33 ± 0.60 ab | 1.56 ± 0.20 abc | 79.33 ± 0.25 a | 29.33 ± 0.25 a |
| 25 | 9.33 ± 0.50 ab | 1.86 ± 0.03 a | 79.93 ± 0.05 a | 29.46 ± 0.45 a | |
| 50 | 9.00 ± 0.50 abc | 1.73 ± 0.03 a | 80.16 ± 0.60 a | 24.50 ± 1.80 bc | |
| 5 | 0 | 8.83 ± 0.70 abc | 1.52 ± 0.20 abc | 77.73 ± 0.15 abc | 3.12 ± 1.70 f |
| 25 | 9.16 ± 0.90 ab | 1.86 ± 0.03 a | 78.90 ± 0.25 ab | 25.90 ± 1.10 ab | |
| 50 | 8.83 ± 0.50 abc | 1.70 ± 0.05 ab | 77.23 ± 0.20 abcd | 24.33 ± 1.30 bc | |
| 10 | 0 | 7.83 ± 0.40 abc | 1.21 ± 0.10 cde | 73.93 ± 0.75 bcdef | 18.26 ± 2.10 de |
| 25 | 9.66 ± 0.95 a | 1.63 ± 0.03 ab | 75.96 ± 0.60 abcde | 21.16 ± 0.90 cd | |
| 50 | 8.16 ± 0.35 abc | 1.33 ± 0.15 bcd | 70.03 ± 0.90 ef | 18.63 ± 0.30 de | |
| 20 | 0 | 7.16 ± 0.30 abc | 0.98 ± 0.04 def | 71.83 ± 0.10 def | 20.83 ± 0.45 cd |
| 25 | 7.66 ± 0.75 abc | 1.20 ± 0.10 cde | 72.80 ± 0.45 cdef | 22.33 ± 0.90 bcd | |
| 50 | 7.50 ± 0.25 abc | 1.00 ± 0.08 def | 71.03 ± 0.40 ef | 26.03 ± 0.40 ab | |
| 30 | 0 | 6.50 ± 0.60 c | 0.70 ± 0.05 f | 64.93 ± 0.90 g | 15.10 ± 0.45 e |
| 25 | 7.66 ± 0.15 abc | 0.90 ± 0.05 ef | 71.83 ± 0.90 def | 16.26 ± 0.60 e | |
| 50 | 7.00 ± 0.60 bc | 0.73 ± 0.03 f | 69.10 ± 0.50 fg | 16.33 ± 0.30 e | |
Effect of SiO2-NPs and salt stress on nutrient uptake of gerbera cv_ ‘Teera Kalina’_
| Treatments | Ca2+ (g · 100 g−1 FW) | K+ (g · 100 g−1 FW) | Na+ (g · 100 g−1 FW) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salinity (mM) | SiO2-NPs (mg · L−1) | |||
| Control | 0 | 2.38 ± 0.07 cd | 1.77 ± 0.04 bc | 0.89 ± 0.02 h |
| 25 | 2.69 ± 0.01 b | 2.33 ± 0.06 a | 0.64 ± 0.04 i | |
| 50 | 2.94 ± 0.02 a | 1.86 ± 0.01 b | 0.70 ± 0.02 i | |
| 5 | 0 | 2.22 ± 0.04 de | 1.69 ± 0.02 c | 1.72 ± 0.03 f |
| 25 | 2.42 ± 0.05 c | 1.71 ± 0.02 c | 1.24 ± 0.01 g | |
| 50 | 2.45 ± 0.05 c | 1.86 ± 0.04 b | 1.29 ± 0.01 g | |
| 10 | 0 | 2.11 ± 0.04 e | 1.23 ± 0.04 e | 2.28 ± 0.01 d |
| 25 | 2.20 ± 0.04 de | 1.46 ± 0.03 d | 1.96 ± 0.07 e | |
| 50 | 2.15 ± 0.08 e | 1.50 ± 0.05 d | 2.49 ± 0.03 c | |
| 20 | 0 | 1.55 ± 0.04 f | 1.01 ± 0.04 fg | 2.63 ± 0.06 c |
| 25 | 1.59 ± 0.02 f | 1.28 ± 0.02 e | 2.21 ± 0.03 d | |
| 50 | 1.72 ± 0.03 f | 1.02 ± 0.03 fg | 2.23 ± 0.04 d | |
| 30 | 0 | 0.91 ± 0.08 h | 0.85 ± 0.01 h | 3.17 ± 0.03 a |
| 25 | 1.14 ± 0.06 g | 1.08 ± 0.05 f | 2.97 ± 0.05 b | |
| 50 | 1.31 ± 0.02 g | 0.93 ± 0.03 gh | 2.50 ± 0.08 c | |