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Nitrogen supply and shading affect morphology and composition of the essential oil in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cover

Nitrogen supply and shading affect morphology and composition of the essential oil in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Folia Horticulturae
Volume 32 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)
By: ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Oct 2020
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Mean temperature, relative humidity and light intensity recorded in the greenhouse during the performance of the study aimed at evaluating the effect of three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during the flowering of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants

Shading (%)Temperature (°C)Relative humidity (%)Light intensity (μmol · m−2 · s−1)
019.359.5680
7021.053.3207
Table 2

Statistical significance of study factors and their interaction on the morphological variables of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30 days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variationHSBNPBNSBNOFBDF
Nitrogen (N)0.1490 ns0.0540 ns<0.0001*0.9253 ns0.0005*
Shading (S)<0.0001*0.0052*0.9779 ns<0.0001*0.1602 ns
N × S0.0494*0.0463*0.0030*<0.0001*0.0037*

* significant and no significant (ns) (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

DF, diameter of flower; HSB, height of side branches; NOFB, number of opened flower buds; NPB, number of primary branches; NSB, number of secondary branches.

Figure 1

The number of secondary branches (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 2

Height of side branches (A), number of primary branches (B) and number of opened flower buds (C) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different levels of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3

Height of side branches (A), number of primary (B) and secondary (C) branches in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 4

The number of opened flower buds (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution and percentages of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Table 3

Chemical compounds of the essential oil of leaves, flowers, and stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated with three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during flowering

CompoundRT (min)CompoundRT (min)
d-limonene12.24Trans-pinene26.99
Ocimene12.64Terpinolene13.40
Caryophyllene19.36Piperitone16.60
Sabinene10.94γ-elemene21.27
Carene13.34Spathulenol23.25
β-phellandrene10.94Verbenone24.32
β-myrcene11.36β-farnesene20.03
α-pinene10.00

[i] RT, retention time.

Table 4

Statistical significance of the study factors and their interaction on the components of essential oil of leaves, flowers and stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variationLeaves
d-limoneneOcimeneCaryophylleneSabineneCareneβ-phellandreneβ-myrceneα-pineneTrans-pineneTerpinolenePiperitoneγ-elemene
Nitrogen (N)0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<.00001*
Shading (S)<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*0.1106 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<.00001*
N × S0.0009*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Source of variationFlowers
d-limoneneOcimeneCaryophylleneTrans-pineneSpathulenolPiperitoneVerbenol
Nitrogen (N)<0.0001*<0.0001*0.0555 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Shading (S)0.5939 ns0.1473 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*0.1292 ns<0.0001*
N × S<0.0001*<0.0001*0.0015*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Source of variationStems
CaryophyllenePiperitoneβ-farnesene
Nitrogen (N)<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Shading (S)0.0004<0.0001*<0.0001*
N × S<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*

* significant and no significant (ns) (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Table 5

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the leaves of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
d-limonene12.2420.33 ± 2.22 a12.35 ± 0.57 b6.73 ± 1.85 c15.19 ± 3.46 a11.08 ± 2.94 b
Ocimene12.6426.43 ± 5.78 a13.34 ± 2.60 b10.72 ± 2.79 c20.41 ± 6.39 a13.25 ± 2.92 b
Caryophyllene19.36ND ± 0.00 c1.40 ± 0.07 b1.57 ± 0.22 a0.83 ± 0.32 b1.15 ± 0.44 a
Sabinene10.943.54 ± 1.94 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b2.36 ± 1.77 aND ± 0.00 b
Carene13.341.50 ± 0.82 b2.78 ± 0.10 a1.28 ± 0.70 b1.78 ± 0.68 a1.92 ± 0.72 a
β-phellandrene10.94ND ± 0.00 c2.17 ± 0.09 a1.62 ± 0.37 b1.48 ± 0.56 a1.05 ± 0.48 b
β-myrcene11.361.81 ± 0.39 a1.20 ± 0.05 b0.73 ± 0.20 c1.61 ± 0.34 a0.88 ± 0.20 b
α-pinene10.001.98 ± 0.31 a1.12 ± 0.04 b0.61 ± 0.16 c1.52 ± 0.39 aND ± 0.25 b
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b12.40 ± 6.79 aND ± 0.00 b8.27 ± 6.20 a
Terpinolene13.402.64 ± 1.44 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.76 ± 1.32 aND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone16.6015.87 ± 4.24 a3.81 ± 2.09 c4.26 ± 2.33 b10.71 ± 5.18 a5.25 ± 1.97 b
γ-elemene21.27ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.11 ± 0.06 aND ± 0.00 b0.07 ± 0.06 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
d-limonene12.2424.13 ± 0.49 a16.53 ± 1.12 b11.7 ± 0.67 c12.46 ± 0.27 bc9.74 ± 1.20 c3.71 ± 0.57 d
Ocimene12.6436.78 ± 1.64 a16.07 ± 0.56 b8.64 ± 0.04 c18.04 ± 0.60 b15.80 ± 0.07 b5.64 ± 0.32 c
Caryophyllene19.36ND ± 0.00 dND ± 0.00 d1.31 ± 0.07 bc1.49 ± 0.04 b1.18 ± 0.04 c1.96 ± 0.06 a
Sabinene10.947.08 ± 0.09 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b
Carene13.34ND ± 0.00 b2.99 ± 0.08 a2.79 ± 0.13 a2.76 ± 0.10 a2.56 ± 0.09 aND ± 0.00 b
β-phellandrene10.94ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.16 ± 0.12 a2.18 ± 0.08 a2.27 ± 0.11 a0.96 ± 0.02 b
β-myrcene11.362.50 ± 0.13 a1.10 ± 0.02 b1.23 ± 0.05 b1.16 ± 0.05 b1.09 ± 0.05 b0.36 ± 0.03 c
α-pinene10.002.54 ± 0.08 a1.42 ± 0.04 b1.13 ± 0.05 c1.11 ± 0.03 c0.89 ± 0.04 c0.32 ± 0.01 d
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b24.80 ± 0.10 a
Terpinolene13.405.27 ± 0.03 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone16.6023.6 ± 0.08 a8.14 ± 0.04 cND ± 0.00 e7.62 ± 0.04 d8.52 ± 0.05 bND ± 0.00 e
γ-elemene21.27ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.22 ± 0.03 a

[i] Means ± DE with different letters in each row and study factor indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] ND, compound was not detected; RT, retention time.

Table 6

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the flowers of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
d-limonene12.24ND ± 0.00 b0.15 ± 0.08 a0.15 ± 0.07 a0.10 ± 0.07 a0.10 ± 0.07 a
Ocimene12.64ND ± 0.00 b0.25 ± 0.13 a0.27 ± 0.15 a0.18 ± 0.13 a0.16 ± 0.12 a
Caryophyllene19.360.49 ± 0.03 a0.55 ± 0.04 a0.55 ± 0.06 a0.61 ± 0.03 a0.45 ± 0.02 b
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 c8.15 ± 4.47 a1.89 ± 1.03 b6.69 ± 3.70 aND ± 0.00 b
Spathulenol23.251.37 ± 0.75 a1.09 ± 0.60 bND ± 0.00 c0.91 ± 0.68 a0.72 ± 0.54 b
Piperitone16.60ND ± 0.00 b0.57 ± 0.31 a0.54 ± 0.29 a0.38 ± 0.28 a0.36 ± 0.27 a
Verbenol24.32ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.35 ± 0.19 aND ± 0.00 b0.23 ± 0.35 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
d-limonene12.24ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.30 ± 0.01 a0.29 ± 0.01 aND ± 0.00 b
Ocimene12.64ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.49 ± 0.02 a0.53 ± 0.01 aND ± 0.00 b
Caryophyllene19.360.54 ± 0.02 bc0.44 ± 0.02 c0.62 ± 0.01 ab0.47 ± 0.03 c0.66 ± 0.03 a0.44 ± 0.01 c
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c16.30 ± 0.22 aND ± 0.00 c3.77 ± 0.02 bND ± 0.00 c
Spathulenol23.252.73 ± 0.04 aND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.17 ± 0.03 bND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone16.60ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.13 ± 0.03 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.07 ± 0.02 a
Verbenol24.32ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.69 ± 0.04 a

[i] Means ± DE with different letters in each row and study factor indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] ND, compound was not detected; RT, retention time.

Table 7

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
Caryophyllene19.44ND ± 0.00 c1.27 ± 0.70 a1.14 ± 0.62 b0.76 ± 0.57 b0.85 ± 0.64 a
Piperitone16.533.15 ± 1.73 bND ± 0.00 c5.80 ± 0.17 a4.13 ± 1.55 a1.84 ± 1.38 b
β-farnesene20.03ND ± 0.00 c2.37 ± 0.49 b2.75 ± 0.06 a1.45 ± 0.62 b1.97 ± 0.75 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
Caryophyllene19.44ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.54 ± 0.05 a2.28 ± 0.01 bND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone16.536.3 ± 0.10 aND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c6.08 ± 0.04 a5.51 ± 0.08 b
β-farnesene20.03ND ± 0.00 eND ± 0.00 e1.48 ± 0.04 d3.26 ± 0.02 a2.85 ± 0.03 b2.64 ± 0.02 c

[i] Means ± DE with different letters in each row and study factor indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

[ii] ND, compound was not detected; RT, retention time.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0022 | Journal eISSN: 2083-5965 | Journal ISSN: 0867-1761
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Language: English
Page range: 241 - 254
Submitted on: Apr 26, 2020
Accepted on: Sep 7, 2020
Published on: Oct 7, 2020
Published by: Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
abiotic stress factors,
Asteraceae,
chromatography,
luminosity,
plant nutrition,
spectrometry
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science

© 2020 María G. Peralta-Sánchez, Fernando C. Gómez-Merino, Olga Tejeda-Sartorius, Gabriel Alcántar-González, J. Cruz García-Albarado, Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez, published by Polish Society for Horticultural Sciences (PSHS)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 32 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)
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