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Silvicultural and economic aspects of forest regeneration in the Eastern Polissya Region of Ukraine Cover

Silvicultural and economic aspects of forest regeneration in the Eastern Polissya Region of Ukraine

Folia Forestalia Polonica
Volume 68 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
By: Anatoliy M. Zhezhkun,  Iryna M. Zhezhkun and  Sergii V. Kubrakov  
Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Proportion of forest regeneration across forest site condition types, %
Proportion of forest regeneration across forest site condition types, %

Figure 2.

Current mean annual height increment (cm) of pedunculate oak (Q. robur) trees in stands established in 2012 using container-grown seedlings (A), three-year-old bare-root seedlings (B), and direct acorn sowing (C)
Current mean annual height increment (cm) of pedunculate oak (Q. robur) trees in stands established in 2012 using container-grown seedlings (A), three-year-old bare-root seedlings (B), and direct acorn sowing (C)

Trends in forest crops areas by tree species composition

YearsArea of artificial reforestation by dominant tree species, haArea of artificial afforestation by dominant tree species, ha
PiSyQuRoAlglothersPiSyQuRoAlgIOthers
20122739.0346.017.3189.1868.7123.445.886.1
20132309.9215.450.185.6250.6–24.014.4
20192062.1184.259.243.580.0––10.0
20231154.585.012.220.335.0––35.0

Calculating the gross domestic product deflator by cumulative total in Ukraine (2015–2024)

Indicator201620172018201920202021202220232024
GDP deflator117.1122.1115.4108.2110.3124.8134.9119.9112.3
GDP deflator by cumulative total117.1142.9164.9178.4196.8245.6331.3397.2446.1

Silvicultural and mensurational indicators of artificial and naturally regenerated stands on permanent sample plots (PSP) in the Eastern Polissya

No PSPType of regenerationSpecies compositionAge [years]Avg H [m]Avg BH cm]Density of stockingNumber [hss pcs · ha-1]Stock [m3 · ha-1]
Abs [m2 · ha-1]relative
4-BrcForest crops Natural regener.10PiSy7BePe3QuRo + PiSy, SaCa772.21.72.10.32.570.080.570.03600079004.70.3
5-KrkForest crops Natural regener.10PiSy6AlGl3BePe1PiSy + QuRo882.83.72.53.23.621.140.570.257200700011.83.4
1-NvkForest crops10PiSy+QuRo883.51.64.00.54.84–0.48–390620813.9–
2-KrpForest cropsNaturalregener.10Pisy+QuRo8PiSy1UlLa1AcPl + BePe,QuRo8883.21.71.92.90.41.00.96–0.520.11–0.22145725775272.5–1.4
9-UzrForest cropsNaturalregener.10PiSy+QuRo4PiSy3BePe3QuRo + UlLa8882.31.51.02.50.71.61.700.020.730.610.010.34342572532003.6–1.5
1-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo5BePe3QuRu2FrEx + SaCa, AcPl882.12.91.21.90.441.530.240.45400086501.44.0
2-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo5QuRu3PoTr2BePe + FrEx, AcPl882.02.82.51.50.560.460.230.16317535751.51.7
3-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo4PiSy4QuRu2QuRo+BePe, AcPl881.62.10.51.80.030.160.050.10145533870.10.4
5-OlnNatural regener.10PiSy + BePe, PoTr61.40.51.120.34114400.3
4-OlnNatural regener.7PiSy3QuRo + AcPl, BePe71.71.20.380.0834930.2
3-OlnNatural regener.7PiSy3BePe + AcPl, QuRo, TiCo71.50.80.350.2371101.8
2-OlnNatural regener.10PiSy + BePe71.61.00.320.2048021.2
1-OlnNatural regener.8PiSy2BePe + QuRo, UlLa, AcPl81.81.31.240.4894215.3
1-DrzNatural regener.3QuRo5AcPl1TiCo1PiSy+ BePe, SaCa71.3–––23980–

Regulatory criteria for evaluating the quality of forest crops and natural regeneration at the stage of classification as forested land (Instructions on design, technical acceptance, accounting and quality assessment of forestry objects, 2010)

Main Tree SpeciesType of Forest Site ConditionsLand CategoryQuality ClassPolissya
age, yearsdensity, thousand trees/haaverage height, m
Forest Crops
Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)A0, A1, B0, B1Glades, sands, agricultural lands176.51.3
25.61.2
35.00.9
A2, A3Glades, burns, clear-cuts without natural regeneration166.01.4
25.01.2
34.21.0
B2, B3Glades, burns, clear-cuts without natural regeneration164.51.6
24.21.5
33.51.4
A2, A3, B2, B3Clear-cuts with sufficient natural regeneration165.01.7
24.81.6
34.31.4
C0, C1Glades, clearcuts, agricultural lands176.01.4
25.51.3
34.51.0
C2, C3Glades, clearcuts, agricultural lands164.71.8
24.51.7
34.01.5
A4, B4Waterlogged lands173.01.3
22.81.1
32.31.0
Natural Forest Regeneration
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)A2, A3, B2, B3All categories165.01.5
24.01.3
32.81.0
C2, C3All categories164.71.7
24.01.6
32.81.4
A4, B4All categories183.51.3
23.01.1
32.50.9

The volume of forest regeneration by state forestry enterprises

YearsArea of reforestation, haArea of afforestation, haTotal, ha
forest cropsnatural regenerationtotalforest cropsnatural regenerationtotal
20123291921421211246511895401
201326613513012289–2893301
20192349429277890–902868
20231272167143935–351474

List of agrotechnical operations for natural regeneration and forest crops during the first three years

YearsMeasures to promote natural regenerationCreation of a forest crops
First

  • Facilitation by furrow cutting (MTZ-82, PKL-70)

  • Manual tending (1 time)

  • Mechanical tending (3 times)

  • Soil preparation for forest crops (MTZ-82, PKL-70)

  • Seedling uprooting

  • Seedling sorting

  • Root dipping of seedlings

  • Planting of seedlings using a kolesov planting spade

  • Manual tending (3 times)

  • Mechanical tending (2 times)

Second

  • Manual tending (1 time)

  • Mechanical tending (3 times)

  • Replanting of forest crops (20%)

  • Manual tending (2 times)

  • Mechanical tending (3 times)

Third

  • Manual tending (1 time)

  • Mechanical tending (3 times)

  • Replanting of forest crops (20%)

  • Manual tending (2 times)

  • Mechanical tending (3 times)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2199-5907 | Journal ISSN: 0071-6677
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 21 - 32
Submitted on: Aug 5, 2025
|
Accepted on: Feb 20, 2026
|
Published on: Mar 17, 2026
Published by: Forest Research Institute
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
reforestation,
afforestation,
natural forest regeneration,
forest crops,
silvicultural and economic efficiency of forest recovery,
direct production costs
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science,
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2026 Anatoliy M. Zhezhkun, Iryna M. Zhezhkun, Sergii V. Kubrakov, published by Forest Research Institute
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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