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Silvicultural and economic aspects of forest regeneration in the Eastern Polissya Region of Ukraine Cover

Silvicultural and economic aspects of forest regeneration in the Eastern Polissya Region of Ukraine

Folia Forestalia Polonica
Volume 68 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Mar 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Regulatory criteria for evaluating the quality of forest crops and natural regeneration at the stage of classification as forested land (Instructions on design, technical acceptance, accounting and quality assessment of forestry objects, 2010)

Main Tree SpeciesType of Forest Site ConditionsLand CategoryQuality ClassPolissya
age, yearsdensity, thousand trees/haaverage height, m
Forest Crops
Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)A0, A1, B0, B1Glades, sands, agricultural lands176.51.3
25.61.2
35.00.9
A2, A3Glades, burns, clear-cuts without natural regeneration166.01.4
25.01.2
34.21.0
B2, B3Glades, burns, clear-cuts without natural regeneration164.51.6
24.21.5
33.51.4
A2, A3, B2, B3Clear-cuts with sufficient natural regeneration165.01.7
24.81.6
34.31.4
C0, C1Glades, clearcuts, agricultural lands176.01.4
25.51.3
34.51.0
C2, C3Glades, clearcuts, agricultural lands164.71.8
24.51.7
34.01.5
A4, B4Waterlogged lands173.01.3
22.81.1
32.31.0
Natural Forest Regeneration
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)A2, A3, B2, B3All categories165.01.5
24.01.3
32.81.0
C2, C3All categories164.71.7
24.01.6
32.81.4
A4, B4All categories183.51.3
23.01.1
32.50.9
Table 2.

Silvicultural and mensurational indicators of artificial and naturally regenerated stands on permanent sample plots (PSP) in the Eastern Polissya

No PSPType of regenerationSpecies compositionAge [years]Avg H [m]Avg BH cm]Density of stockingNumber [hss pcs · ha-1]Stock [m3 · ha-1]
Abs [m2 · ha-1]relative
4-BrcForest crops Natural regener.10PiSy
7BePe3QuRo + PiSy, SaCa		7
7		2.2
1.7		2.1
0.3		2.57
0.08		0.57
0.03		6000
7900		4.7
0.3
5-KrkForest crops Natural regener.10PiSy
6AlGl3BePe1PiSy + QuRo		8
8		2.8
3.7		2.5
3.2		3.62
1.14		0.57
0.25		7200
7000		11.8
3.4
1-NvkForest crops10PiSy
+QuRo		8
8		3.5
1.6		4.0
0.5		4.84
–		0.48
–		3906
208		13.9
–
2-KrpForest crops
Natural
regener.		10Pisy
+QuRo
8PiSy1UlLa1AcPl + BePe,
QuRo		8
8
8		3.2
1.7
1.9		2.9
0.4
1.0		0.96
–
0.52		0.11
–
0.22		1457
257
7527		2.5
–
1.4
9-UzrForest crops
Natural
regener.		10PiSy
+QuRo
4PiSy3BePe3QuRo + UlLa		8
8
8		2.3
1.5
1.0		2.5
0.7
1.6		1.70
0.02
0.73		0.61
0.01
0.34		3425
725
3200		3.6
–
1.5
1-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo
5BePe3QuRu2FrEx + SaCa, AcPl		8
8		2.1
2.9		1.2
1.9		0.44
1.53		0.24
0.45		4000
8650		1.4
4.0
2-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo
5QuRu3PoTr2BePe + FrEx, AcPl		8
8		2.0
2.8		2.5
1.5		0.56
0.46		0.23
0.16		3175
3575		1.5
1.7
3-IrzForest crops Natural regener.10QuRo
4PiSy4QuRu2QuRo+
BePe, AcPl		8
8		1.6
2.1		0.5
1.8		0.03
0.16		0.05
0.10		1455
3387		0.1
0.4
5-OlnNatural regener.10PiSy + BePe, PoTr61.40.51.120.34114400.3
4-OlnNatural regener.7PiSy3QuRo + AcPl, BePe71.71.20.380.0834930.2
3-OlnNatural regener.7PiSy3BePe + AcPl, QuRo, TiCo71.50.80.350.2371101.8
2-OlnNatural regener.10PiSy + BePe71.61.00.320.2048021.2
1-OlnNatural regener.8PiSy2BePe + QuRo, UlLa, AcPl81.81.31.240.4894215.3
1-DrzNatural regener.3QuRo5AcPl1TiCo1PiSy+ BePe, SaCa71.3–––23980–

1 PiSy – Pinus sylvestriis, BePe – Betula pendula, QuRo – Quercus robur, SaCa – Salix caprea, AlGl –Alnus glutinosa, UlLa – Ulnus laevis, AcPl – Acer platanoides, FrEx – Fraxinus exelsior, PoTr – Populus tremula, QuRu – Quercus rubra, TiCo – Tilia cordata, Brc – Bretske Forestry, Krk – Koriukivske Forestry, Nvk – Nevklianske Forestry, Krp – Koropske Forestry, Uzr – Uzruivske Forestry, Irz – Irzhavetske Forestry, Oln – Olinske Forestry, Drz – Druzhbivske Forestry.

Table 3.

List of agrotechnical operations for natural regeneration and forest crops during the first three years

YearsMeasures to promote natural regenerationCreation of a forest crops
First

  1. Facilitation by furrow cutting (MTZ-82, PKL-70)

  2. Manual tending (1 time)

  3. Mechanical tending (3 times)

  1. Soil preparation for forest crops (MTZ-82, PKL-70)

  2. Seedling uprooting

  3. Seedling sorting

  4. Root dipping of seedlings

  5. Planting of seedlings using a kolesov planting spade

  6. Manual tending (3 times)

  7. Mechanical tending (2 times)

Second

  1. Manual tending (1 time)

  2. Mechanical tending (3 times)

  1. Replanting of forest crops (20%)

  2. Manual tending (2 times)

  3. Mechanical tending (3 times)

Third

  1. Manual tending (1 time)

  2. Mechanical tending (3 times)

  1. Replanting of forest crops (20%)

  2. Manual tending (2 times)

  3. Mechanical tending (3 times)

Table 4.

Calculating the gross domestic product deflator by cumulative total in Ukraine (2015–2024)

Indicator201620172018201920202021202220232024
GDP deflator117.1122.1115.4108.2110.3124.8134.9119.9112.3
GDP deflator by cumulative total117.1142.9164.9178.4196.8245.6331.3397.2446.1
Table 5.

The volume of forest regeneration by state forestry enterprises

YearsArea of reforestation, haArea of afforestation, haTotal, ha
forest cropsnatural regenerationtotalforest cropsnatural regenerationtotal
20123291921421211246511895401
201326613513012289–2893301
20192349429277890–902868
20231272167143935–351474
Figure 1.

Proportion of forest regeneration across forest site condition types, %

Table 6.

Trends in forest crops areas by tree species composition

YearsArea of artificial reforestation by dominant tree species, haArea of artificial afforestation by dominant tree species, ha
PiSyQuRoAlglothersPiSyQuRoAlgIOthers
20122739.0346.017.3189.1868.7123.445.886.1
20132309.9215.450.185.6250.6–24.014.4
20192062.1184.259.243.580.0––10.0
20231154.585.012.220.335.0––35.0

1 PiSy – Pinus sylvestris, QuRo – Quercus robur,% AlIn – Alnus glutinosa

Figure 2.

Current mean annual height increment (cm) of pedunculate oak (Q. robur) trees in stands established in 2012 using container-grown seedlings (A), three-year-old bare-root seedlings (B), and direct acorn sowing (C)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2199-5907 | Journal ISSN: 0071-6677
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 21 - 32
Submitted on: Aug 5, 2025
Accepted on: Feb 20, 2026
Published on: Mar 17, 2026
Published by: Forest Research Institute
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
reforestation,
afforestation,
natural forest regeneration,
forest crops,
silvicultural and economic efficiency of forest recovery,
direct production costs
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Plant science

© 2026 Anatoliy M. Zhezhkun, Iryna M. Zhezhkun, Sergii V. Kubrakov, published by Forest Research Institute
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 68 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
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