Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Distribution of age-old oak trees according to their growth and development
| Number TP | Number of trees, pc. | Classes according to growth and development, % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ia | Ib | IIa | IIb | IIIa | IIIb | total | ||
| 1 | 321 | 24 | 22 | 16 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 100 |
| 2 | 236 | 32 | 23 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 100 |
| 3 | 135 | 0 | 4 | 19 | 30 | 20 | 27 | 100 |
| 4 | 102 | 0 | 17 | 12 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 100 |
Forestry and biometric indicators of old age stands by data of trial plots
| Number TP | Composition | Age, years | Average | Trees number, pc. | Area of site, ha | Stock, m3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| diameter, cm | height, m | per 1 ha | per area | per 1 ha | total | ||||
| 1 | 10Qr | 214 | 67.8±0.75 | 29.3±3.1 | 107 | 321 | 3.0 | 510 | 1,530 |
| 2 | 10Qr | 204 | 64.7±0.75 | 29.1±2.6 | 107 | 236 | 2.2 | 465 | 1,023 |
| 3 | 10Qr | 200 | 63.5±1.06 | 28.9±3.0 | 104 | 135 | 1.3 | 451 | 586 |
| 4 | 10Qr | 204 | 64.6±1.41 | 29.2±2.5 | 102 | 102 | 1.0 | 429 | 429 |
Indices of tree health condition and number of affected trees
| Number TP | Stand composition | Age, years | Number of trees, pieces | Index | Number of affected trees, % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| per area | per 1 ha | health condition | drying branches, % | weakened, % | ||||
| 1 | 10Qr | 214 | 321 | 107 | 1.96 | up to 30 | 38 | 46.4 |
| 2 | 10Qr | 204 | 236 | 107 | 1.49 | up to 30 | 33 | 44.9 |
| 3 | 10Qr | 200 | 135 | 104 | 2.48 | up to 30 | 77 | 48.5 |
| 4 | 10Qr | 204 | 102 | 102 | 2.58 | over 30 | 71 | 55.9 |
Distribution of the number of affected trees by phytopathological signs, %
| Number TP | Number of trees, pieces | Phytopathological characteristics, % of the number of trees | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| visible rotten | hollows | wooddestroying fungi | wood exposure | growths, inflows | transverse oak cancer | frostbite | ||||
| root, lump | trunk | root, lump | trunk | |||||||
| 1 | 321 | 1.3 | 27.0 | – | 11.0 | 13.0 | 2.7 | 11.0 | 33.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 236 | – | 15.1 | – | 10.0 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 6.6 | 38.7 | – |
| 3 | 135 | 12.3 | 12.3 | – | 13.2 | 16.0 | 1.0 | 12.3 | 25.5 | 7.4 |
| 4 | 102 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 15.9 | – | 15.9 | 1.7 | 17.5 | 35.0 | 3.5 |
Characteristics of the components of the stands
| Number TP | Undergrowth | Understorey | Living aboveground cover | Forest litter | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| composition | height, m | number, pieces/ha | number, pieces/ha | cover, % | number, pieces/ha | cover, % | thickness, cm | stock, kg/ha | |
| 1 | 8Um1Ap1Ac single Qr,Apl | 0.5–7.0 | 8,000 | 85,000 | 5 | 110,000 | 10 | 2.0 | 7,101 |
| 2 | 8Um1Ap1Fe single Qr,Ac,Apl | 0.5–5.0 | 5,500 | 70,000 | 3 | 95,000 | 10 | 1.5 | 6,873 |
| 3 | 10Um+Qr,Ac,Ap | 0.5–7.0 | 12,000 | 80,000 | 6 | 100,000 | 8 | 2.5 | 7,459 |
| 4 | 10Um+Qr,Ap,Fe,Ac | 0.5–8.0 | 20,000 | 120,000 | 6 | 130,000 | 9 | 3.5 | 7,984 |
The content of the main elements of mineral nutrition in the upper 50-centimeter layer of the studied soils
| Number TP | Horizon | Mineral nitrogen (N–NH4+) + (N-NO3) | Mobile phosphorus (P2O5) | Mobile potassium (K2O) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mg/1000 g | regarding control | mg/1000 g | regarding control | mg/1000 g | regarding control | |||||
| % | t | % | t | % | t | |||||
| 4 | 0–10 | 28.3±0.53 | 100.0 | – | 179.7±2.55 | 100.0 | – | 186.7±1.65 | 100.0 | – |
| 10–20 | 16.7±0.39 | 100.0 | – | 151.3±1.95 | 100.0 | – | 134.5±1.41 | 100.0 | – | |
| 20–30 | 15.8±0.43 | 100.0 | – | 98.6±1.24 | 100.0 | – | 97.4±1.39 | 100.0 | – | |
| 30–40 | 13.2±0.47 | 100.0 | – | 54.9±0.74 | 100.0 | – | 81.8±1.21 | 100.0 | – | |
| 40–50 | 13.1±0.21 | 100.0 | – | 48.8±1.40 | 100.0 | – | 75.4±1,19 | 100.0 | – | |
| 1 | 0–10 | 21.1±0.37 | 74.6 | 11.15 | 116.7±2.06 | 64.9 | 19.22 | 148.3±1.57 | 79.4 | 16.86 |
| 10–20 | 18.4±0.40 | 110.2 | 3.04 | 94.8±1.72 | 62.6 | 21.73 | 133.6±1.50 | 99.3 | 0.44 | |
| 20–30 | 12.2±0.33 | 77.2 | 4.89 | 59.4±1.57 | 60.2 | 14.82 | 92.9±1.34 | 95.4 | 2.33 | |
| 30–40 | 13.1±0.41 | 99.2 | 0.26 | 35.5±1.36 | 64.7 | 12.53 | 78.5±1.28 | 96.0 | 1.87 | |
| 40–50 | 10.6±0.36 | 80.9 | 14.39 | 36.6±1.21 | 75.0 | 6.86 | 59.9±1.15 | 79.4 | 9.36 | |
| 2 | 0–10 | 20.2±0.46 | 71.4 | 16.45 | 112.7±0.71 | 62.7 | 25.31 | 144.1±1.49 | 77.2 | 19.16 |
| 10–20 | 18.5±0.51 | 110.8 | 4.37 | 95.2±1.51 | 62.9 | 22.75 | 127.8±1.40 | 95.0 | 3.37 | |
| 20–30 | 16.8±0.49 | 106.3 | 2.35 | 55.7±1.30 | 56.5 | 23.87 | 82.6±1.32 | 84.8 | 10.68 | |
| 30–40 | 13.8±0.41 | 104.4 | 0.80 | 40.4±1.15 | 73.6 | 10.60 | 61.9±1.20 | 75.7 | 11.67 | |
| 40–50 | 13.0±0.48 | 99.2 | 0.19 | 38.8±1.02 | 79.5 | 5.77 | 55.2±1.05 | 73.2 | 12.73 | |
| 3 | 0–10 | 27.2±0.51 | 96.1 | 1.28 | 135.7±1.75 | 75.5 | 14.23 | 153.3±1.42 | 82.1 | 22.58 |
| 10–20 | 17.9±0.64 | 107.2 | 1.60 | 120.2±1.61 | 79.4 | 22.18 | 128.6±1.30 | 95.6 | 4.26 | |
| 20–30 | 14.5±0.45 | 91.8 | 1.65 | 74.4±1.32 | 75.4 | 13.36 | 87.4±1.18 | 89.7 | 7.41 | |
| 30–40 | 13.1±0.38 | 99.2 | 0.17 | 45.5±1.14 | 82.9 | 6.92 | 77.5±1,10 | 94.7 | 2.63 | |
| 40–50 | 13.2±0.23 | 100.8 | 0.32 | 36.9±0.99 | 75.6 | 6.94 | 65.3±1.03 | 86.6 | 6.42 | |
Stands of common oak of different ages of natural origin
| Number TP | Composition | Area of TP, ha | Trees number, pc. | Age, years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| at plot | per ha | average | min | max | |||
| 1 | 10Qr | 3.0 | 321 | 107 | 214 | 131 | 410 |
| 2 | 10Qr | 2.2 | 236 | 107 | 204 | 124 | 331 |
| 3 | 10Qr | 1.3 | 135 | 104 | 200 | 118 | 363 |
| 4 | 10Qr | 1.0 | 102 | 102 | 204 | 116 | 351 |
Statistics of average diameters of experimental sites, cm
| Number TP | N | M | m | σ | u | p | A | E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 321 | 67.8 | 0.75 | 13.5 | 19.9 | 1.11 | 0.916 | 1.673 |
| 2 | 236 | 64.7 | 0.75 | 11.5 | 17.8 | 1.16 | 0.602 | 0.428 |
| 3 | 135 | 63.5 | 1.06 | 12.3 | 19.4 | 1.66 | 1.087 | 2.400 |
| 4 (C) | 102 | 64.6 | 1.41 | 14.2 | 22.0 | 2.17 | 0.314 | 0.011 |
Difference between the average values of the diameters of trial plots
| The difference between the values on the TP | Number of degrees of freedom | Student’s criterion t0.05 | The difference between the values on the TP | Number of degrees of freedom | Student’s criterion t0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–2* | 553 | 2.92 | 2–3 | 367 | 0.92 |
| 1–3* | 452 | 3.31 | 2–4 (C) | 334 | 0.06 |
| 1–4 (C)* | 419 | 2.01 | 3–4 (C) | 233 | 0.62 |