Figure 1.
Map of the Romanian beech forests and positions of five study zones (Valea Fagilor, Gogoşu, Stârmina, Epureni, and Snagov forests) (Gancz et al. 2008) modified
Table 1.
Structural parameters of study forests
| Plots–forest/parameters | 67 Valea Fagilor | 68 Valea Fagilor | 69A Valea Fagilor | 8C Epureni | 13B Epureni | 15C Epureni | 99B Snagov | 16C Gogoşu | 18B Gogoşu | 14J Gogoşu | 20A Stârmina | 21A Stârmina | 22A Stârmina |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface (ha) | 23.27 | 18.84 | 35.61 | 1.16 | 3.91 | 3.79 | 1.3 | 14.58 | 8.05 | 0.97 | 15.15 | 29.11 | 18.14 |
| Altitude (m) | 225 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 250 | 210 | 100 | 230 | 210 | 240 | 40–170 | 70–170 | 50 |
| Exposure | N | S-E | N | N | N-E | N-E | N-E | N-E | N-E | N-V | N-V (slope 30○) | V (slope 30○) | V |
| Cod Sol type | 3101 | 3101 | 3101 | 3101 | 3101 | 2101 | 2101 | 2201 | 2201 | 2212 | 2103 | 2115 | 2115 |
| Participation of beech % | 10 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 40 | 10 | 40 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 10 |
| Average age (years) | 140 | 140 | 140 | 120 | 120 | 110 | 170 | 70 | 80 | 110 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
| Average DHB (cm) | 52 | 52 | 48 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 68 | 34 | 40 | 34 | 50 | 50 | 56 |
| Average height (m) | 24 | 25 | 24 | h31 | 32 | 31 | 24 | 28 | 24 | 23 | 27 | 28 | 24 |
| Flora type | Asarum‒Stellaria | Asarum‒Stellaria | Asarum‒Stellaria | Asarum‒Stellaria | Asarum‒Stellaria | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Festuca pseudovina | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Carex‒Poa pratensis | Carex‒Poa pratensis |
Figure 2.
The similarity degree between 13 plots presents in the five study areas from the point of view of biological structural parameters (using the MVSP program)
Table 2.
Climatic variable, climatic and bioclimatic indices, and quotients that describe study sites for the period of 1901–2020
| Nr. Crt | Climatic variable, Index/quotient | Epureni Forest 46° 14′ 42.48″ N 27° 53′ 59.21″ E 140 m asl | Valea Fagilor Forest 45° 12′ 48.28″ N 28° 18′ 43.18″ E 179 m asl | Snagov Forest 44° 43′ 15.74″ N 26° 08′ 25.15″ E 107 m asl | Stârmina Forest 44° 29′ 44.19″ N 22° 46′ 12.90″ E 170 m asl | Gogoșu Forest 44° 26′ 09.25″ N 23° 22′ 25.71″ E 238 m asl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 1 | AMT (°C) | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| 2 | MTWM (°C) | 21.3 | 21.7 | 21.9 | 21.5 | 21.6 |
| 3 | MTCM (°C) | −3.1 | −1.9 | −2.4 | −0.8 | −1.7 |
| 4 | ART (°C) | 24.4 | 23.6 | 24.3 | 22.3 | 23.3 |
| 5 | AP (mm) | 524.7 | 479.2 | 586 | 614 | 613.6 |
| 6 | MJJA(°C) | 26.5 | 26.6 | 27.7 | 26.8 | 26.9 |
| 7 | PJJA (mm) | 189.4 | 153 | 201.3 | 190.6 | 192.4 |
| 8 | MTVS (°C) | 17.5 | 17.7 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 17.9 |
| 9 | APVS (mm) | 334.2 | 278.8 | 362.1 | 354.1 | 354.8 |
| 10 | DD<0 | 356.7 | 276 | 294.7 | 215.6 | 256.3 |
| 11 | DD>5 | 2602.4 | 2673.8 | 2756.3 | 2698.9 | 2724.9 |
| 12 | DD<18 | 3234.3 | 3076.1 | 3029.6 | 2932 | 2965.2 |
| 13 | DD>18 | 389.8 | 421.7 | 448 | 388.5 | 410.5 |
| 14 | NFFD | 254.2 | 264.9 | 258.6 | 273.2 | 269.3 |
| 15 | FFP | 193.7 | 202.9 | 195.4 | 206.3 | 203.7 |
| 16 | bFFP | 100 | 95.9 | 99.4 | 93.4 | 94.6 |
| 17 | eFFP | 293.8 | 298.9 | 294.7 | 299.7 | 298.7 |
| 18 | Eref | 785.7 | 790.9 | 866.9 | 844.9 | 844.1 |
| 19 | CMD | 378.4 | 423.8 | 404.6 | 375.4 | 375.65 |
| 20 | Q | 56.52 | 51.9 | 59.9 | 67.7 | 65.5 |
| 21 | SDI | 7.14 | 5.75 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.15 |
| 22 | WI | 80.7 | 83.4 | 85.4 | 83.9 | 84.1 |
| 23 | ABT | 10.4 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| 24 | CI | −21.6 | −17.8 | −17.6 | −14.3 | −15.7 |
| 25 | K | 37.21 | 38.8 | 36.2 | 33.7 | 36.2 |
| 26 | R | 1.75 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.36 | 1.37 |
| 27 | *EQ | 40.6 | 45.3 | 37.4 | 35 | 35.2 |
| 28 | * IdM | 26.4 | 23.4 | 28.3 | 29.5 | 29.5 |
| 29 | IdMVS | 24.4 | 19.3 | 25.6 | 25.8 | 25.7 |
| 30 | I | 53 | 45.6 | 54.8 | 56.9 | 56.8 |
| 31 | *FAI | 6.82 | 8.63 | 6.46 | 6.68 | 6.69 |
| 32 | QBTI | 14.85 | 12.76 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.6 |
| 33 | *cot G | 0.8166 | 0.74 | 1.074 | 0.96 | 0.9 |
| 34 | *MT | 19.5 | 19.7 | 20.02 | 19.5 | 19.7 |
| 35 | CSOi | 12.7 | 10.3 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 13.2 |
AMT – annual mean temperature; WI – warmth index; MTWM – mean temperature of the warmest month; MTCM – mean temperature of the coldest month; ART – annual range of mean temperature or continentality (°C); AP – annual precipitation; MJJA – mean of the maximum temperature in summer months (June–August); PJJA – amount of precipitation during summer (June–August); MTVS – mean temperature during the vegetation season (April–September); APVS – amount of precipitation during the vegetation season (April–September); DD < 0 – degree-days below 0°C, chilling degree-days: DD > 5 – degree-days above 5°C, growing degree-days; DD < 18 – degree-days below 18°C, heating degree-days; DD > 18 – degree-days above 18°C, cooling degree-days; NFFD – the number of frost-free days; FFP – frost-free period; bFFP – the Julian date on which FFP begins; eFFP – the Julian date on which FFP ends; Eref – Hargreaves reference evaporation; CMD – Hargreaves climatic moisture deficit; Q – the pluviometric quotient/Emberger quotient; SDI – summer drought index; WI – Kira’s Warmth Index; ABT – Holdridge’s annual biotemperature; CI – Kira’s coldness index; K – Gorcynski’s continentality index; R – precipitation continentality/precipitation ratio; EQ – Ellemberg quotient; IdM – annual de Martonne aridity index; IdMVS – vegetation season de Martonne aridity index (April–September); LRI – Lang rainfall index; FAI: forestry aridity index; QBTI – beech tolerance index; cot G (also named Fagus favorability index/continentality Gams index altitude); MT – Mayr tetratherm; CSOi – Compensated Summer Ombrothermic index;
Figure 3.
The similarity degree between the five forests from the climate point of view (using the MVSP statistics program)